{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:52:16Z","timestamp":1790495536159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]],"date-time":"2014-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]],"date-time":"2014-08-27T13:50:32Z","timestamp":1409147432000},"page":"e104872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Three-Year Change in the Wellbeing of Orphaned and Separated Children in Institutional and Family-Based Care Settings in Five Low- and Middle-Income Countries"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Whetten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Ostermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Pence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Whetten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne C.","family":"Messer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumedha","family":"Ariely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"O'Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine I.","family":"Wasonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanroth","family":"Vann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafrosa","family":"Itemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misganaw","family":"Eticha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan M.","family":"Thielman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The Positive Outcomes for Orphans (POFO) Research Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"The World Bank Group (2013) How we Classify Countries. Available: http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/about\/country-classifications<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Dec 5."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"UNICEF (2008) Orphans. Available: http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/media_45279.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Dec 5."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"UNICEF (2006) The State of the World\u2019s Children 2006: Excluded and Invisible. Available: http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/sowc06\/pdfs\/sowc06_fullreport.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Oct 1."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"UNICEF (2009) Progress for Children A Report Card on Child Protection. Available: http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/publications\/files\/Progress_for_Children-No.8_EN_081309.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Dec 5."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008169","article-title":"A Comparison of the Wellbeing of Orphans and Abandoned Children Ages 6\u201312 in Institutional and Community-Based Care Settings in 5 Less Wealthy Nations","volume":"4","author":"K Whetten","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"NGO Working Group (2013) Identifying Basic Characteristics of Formal Alternative Care Settings For Children. Available: http:\/\/www.fice-inter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Formal_care_settings_characteristics_March_2013_final.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Nov 11."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-14-9","article-title":"Models of care for orphaned and separated children and upholding children\u2019s rights: cross-sectional evidence from western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"L Embleton","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC International Health and Human Rights"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.0.0002","article-title":"IQ of children growing up in children's homes: A meta-analysis on IQ delays in orphanages","volume":"54","author":"MH Van IJzendoorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2013.764826","article-title":"Parent-Reported Executive Functioning in Postinstitutionalized Children: A Follow-Up Study","volume":"42","author":"EC Merz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12098","article-title":"Maintaining a social-emotional intervention and its benefits for institutionalized children","volume":"84","author":"RB McCall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579403000452","article-title":"Designing research to study the effects of institutionalization on brain and behavioral development: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project","volume":"15","author":"CH Zeanah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson CA 3rd, Zeanah CH, Fox NA, Marshall PJ, Smyke AT, et al<\/etal>.. (2007) Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children: the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Science 318: 1937\u201340. DOI: 10.1126\/science.1143921.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1143921"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"United States Government Action Plan on Children in Adversity: A Framework for International Assistance: 2012\u20132017 (2012) Available: http:\/\/www.dol.gov\/ilab\/programs\/ocft\/ChildrenInAdversityPlan.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Dec 5."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"th Congress, 2013\u20132015 (2013) H.R.3323: Children in Families First Act of 2013. Available: https:\/\/www.govtrack.us\/congress\/bills\/113\/hr3323\/text<\/ext-link>. Accessed: 2013 Dec 5."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/00001163-199904000-00008","article-title":"International adoption: Implications for early intervention","volume":"11","author":"DE Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infants & Young Children"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90075-N","article-title":"Intellectual, social and nutritional status of children in an Ethiopian orphanage","volume":"33","author":"F Aboud","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"430","article-title":"Growth and development of abandoned babies in institutional care in Nairobi","volume":"76","author":"PA Otieno","year":"1999","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb02318.x","article-title":"The orphans of Eritrea: A comparison study","volume":"36","author":"PH Wolff","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70054","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070054","article-title":"Nutritional Status of Orphaned and Separated Children and Adolescents Living in Community and Institutional Environments in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya","volume":"8","author":"P Braitstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czq025","article-title":"Care arrangements of AIDS orphans and their relationship with children\u2019s psychosocial well-being in rural China","volume":"26","author":"Y Hong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9940-z","article-title":"A brief assessment of learning for orphaned and abandoned Children in low and middle-income countries","volume":"16","author":"K O'Donnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20625","article-title":"More than the loss of a parent: Potentially Traumatic Events among Orphaned and Abandoned Children","volume":"24","author":"KJ Whetten","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38109","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038109","article-title":"Correlates of Poor Health among Orphans and Abandoned Children in Less Wealthy Countries: The Importance of Caregiver Health","volume":"7","author":"N Thielman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-504","article-title":"HIV-stigma and attributes of institutional- and community-based caregivers of orphans and vulnerable children living in five less-wealthy countries","volume":"10","author":"L Messer","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Ware J, Kosinski M (2004) SF-36 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales: A Manual for Users of Version 1. 2nd ed. Lincoln, RI: Quality Metric, Inc. 238 p."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2006) WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/childgrowth\/standards\/Technical_report.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Dec 5."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note","volume":"38","author":"R Goodman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870050057","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A pilot study on the validity of the self-report version","volume":"7","author":"R Goodman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200111000-00015","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire","volume":"40","author":"R Goodman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"375","article-title":"Comparison of Urdu version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) amongst primary school children in Karachi","volume":"19","author":"EU Syed","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CHUD.0000020682.55697.4f","article-title":"Strengths and difficulties as correlates of attachment style in institutionalized and non-institutionalized children with below-average intellectual abilities","volume":"34","author":"P Muris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry and Human Development"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02372.x","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) - self-report. An analysis of its structure in a multiethnic urban adolescent sample","volume":"52","author":"J Richter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Kaufman AS, Kaufman NL (2004) Kaufman assessment battery for children (KABC-II). 2nd ed. Circle Pines, MN: Guidance Services Publishing."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2000.86.3.727","article-title":"Performance of black and white South African children on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013Revised and the Kaufman Assessment Battery","volume":"86","author":"M Skuy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delis D, Kramer J, Kaplan E, Ober B (1987) California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15072-000"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2004.08.017","article-title":"Maximum likelihood estimation of limited and discrete dependent variable models with nested random effects","volume":"128","author":"S Rabe-Hesketh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Econom"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"StataCorp (2013) Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP."},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"130","article-title":"Children in institutional care: lessons from Zimbabwe's experience","volume":"21","author":"G Powell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Social Development in Africa"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2010.01.001","article-title":"Coping with the challenges of living in an Indonesian residential institution","volume":"96","author":"S Wanat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120903012601","article-title":"Life in institutional care: the voices of children in a residential facility in Botswana","volume":"22","author":"G Morantz","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007","article-title":"Maltreatment experiences and associated factors prior to admission to residential care: A sample of institutionalized children and youth in western Kenya","volume":"37","author":"G Morantz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.07.033","article-title":"Cumulative risk and AIDS-orphanhood: Interactions of stigma, bullying and poverty on child mental health in South Africa","volume":"69","author":"L Cluver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02459.x","article-title":"Persisting mental health problems among AIDS-orphaned children in South Africa","volume":"53 (4)","author":"LD Cluver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02437.x","article-title":"Attachment security as a mechanism linking foster care placement to improved mental health outcomes in previously institutionalized children","volume":"53","author":"KA McLaughlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Moccia P, Anthony D (2005) The state of the world's children 2006: Excluded and invisible. New York: UNICEF. Available: http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/sowc06\/pdfs\/sowc06_fullreport.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed: 2014 June 16."}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0104872","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T00:17:53Z","timestamp":1588983473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0104872"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marie-Louise","family":"Newell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0104872","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]]}}}