{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:54:34Z","timestamp":1791258874845,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]],"date-time":"2014-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412208000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]],"date-time":"2014-10-02T18:12:48Z","timestamp":1412273568000},"page":"e108938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Glaucoma, Alzheimer's Disease, and Parkinson's Disease: An 8-Year Population-Based Follow-Up Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"I-Chan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Hung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Jen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Jong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Den","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nai-Fang","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Nien","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90(3)","author":"HA Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608213150804","article-title":"Optic-nerve degeneration in Alzheimer&apos;s disease","volume":"315(8)","author":"DR Hinton","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32621-0","article-title":"Optic nerve damage in Alzheimer&apos;s disease","volume":"97(1)","author":"AA Sadun","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Caspase activation and amyloid precursor protein cleavage in rat ocular hypertension","volume":"43(4)","author":"SJ McKinnon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000047976","article-title":"High occurrence rate of glaucoma among patients with Alzheimer&apos;s disease","volume":"47(3)","author":"AU Bayer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.02.009","article-title":"High frequency of open-angle glaucoma in Japanese patients with Alzheimer&apos;s disease","volume":"246(1\u20132)","author":"H Tamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2011.649228","article-title":"Glaucoma, Alzheimer Disease and other dementia: A longitudinal analysis","volume":"19(5)","author":"Y Ou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e31802b3527","article-title":"No increased risk of developing Alzheimer disease in patients with glaucoma","volume":"16(1)","author":"LV Kessing","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01196-5","article-title":"Association of glaucoma with neurodegenerative diseases with apoptotic cell death: Alzheimer&apos;s disease and Parkinson&apos;s disease","volume":"133(1)","author":"AU Bayer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2007.07.018","article-title":"Visual field analysis in patients with Parkinson&apos;s disease","volume":"14(3)","author":"O Yenice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-007-9091-8","article-title":"Correlation between retinal morphological and functional findings and clinical severity in Parkinson&apos;s disease","volume":"116(2)","author":"O Altintas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5301\/EJO.2010.1318","article-title":"Morphologic changes and functional retinal impairment in patients with Parkinson disease without visual loss","volume":"21(1)","author":"MM Moschos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.05.003","article-title":"Ability and reproducibility of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography to detect retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy in Parkinson&apos;s disease","volume":"119(10)","author":"E Garcia-Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1985.10479383","article-title":"Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score","volume":"39(1)","author":"PR Rosenbaum","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41","article-title":"The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects","volume":"70(1)","author":"PR Rosenbaum","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Faries DE, Leon AC, Haro JM, Obenchain RL (2010) Analysis of observational health care data using SAS. Cary, NC: SAS Institut."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2580","article-title":"A comparison of the ability of different propensity score models to balance measured variables between treated and untreated subjects: a Monte Carlo study","volume":"26(4)","author":"PC Austin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Guo S, Fraser MW (2010) Propensity score analysis: Statistical methods and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3150","article-title":"A critical appraisal of propensity-score matching in the medical literature between 1996 and 2003","volume":"27(12)","author":"PC Austin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat in Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.5.661","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function","volume":"61(5)","author":"Z Arvanitakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(99)00110-4","article-title":"Vascular risk factors for Alzheimer&apos;s disease: an epidemiologic perspective","volume":"21(2)","author":"MM Breteler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation","volume":"40(5)","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.07.010","article-title":"Incorporating mortality risk into estimates of 5-year glaucoma risk","volume":"148(6)","author":"BA Griffin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000135225.80898.1c","article-title":"Charlson Index comorbidity adjustment for ischemic stroke outcome studies","volume":"35(8)","author":"LB Goldstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83","article-title":"Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data","volume":"43(11)","author":"H Quan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2012.10.003","article-title":"Socioeconomic status as a risk factor for late presentation of glaucoma in Canada","volume":"48(2)","author":"YM Buys","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1586\/eop.11.35","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and open-angle glaucoma","volume":"6(3)","author":"AL Coleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7287.639","article-title":"Deprivation and late presentation of glaucoma: case-control study","volume":"322(7287)","author":"S Fraser","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"85","article-title":"The Effect of Socioeconomic Deprivation on Severity of Glaucoma at Presentation","volume":"94(1)","author":"WS Ng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"2251","article-title":"Risk Factors for Late Presentation in Chronic Glaucoma","volume":"40(10)","author":"S Fraser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"287","article-title":"Characteristics of urbanization level in Taiwan districts","volume":"12","author":"K Tseng","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geography Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3150","article-title":"A critical appraisal of propensity-score matching in the medical literature between 1996 and 2003","volume":"27(12)","author":"PC Austin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786","article-title":"An Introduction to Propensity Score Methods for Reducing the Effects of Confounding in Observational Studies","volume":"46(3)","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Multivariate behavioral research"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2013.793726","article-title":"Is there any relation between pseudoexfoliation syndrome and Alzheimer&apos;s typ dementia","volume":"8(4)","author":"T Cumurcu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23926","article-title":"Is there a link between open-angle glaucoma and dementia? The Three-City Alienor Cohort","volume":"74","author":"C Helmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.01.047","article-title":"Ocular and systemic pseudoexfoliation syndrome","volume":"141(5)","author":"U Schlotzer-Schrehardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12184","article-title":"Pseudoexfoliation and Alzheimer&apos;s disease: A population-based 30-year follow-up study","volume":"92","author":"C Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.09.010","article-title":"Deciphering the molecular basis of memory failure in Alzheimer&apos;s disease","volume":"44(1)","author":"DM Walsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02125.x","article-title":"Normal tension glaucoma and Alzheimer disease: comorbidity","volume":"90(7)","author":"D Bach-Holm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.11.020","article-title":"Comparison of clinical characteristics between Korean and Western normal-tension glaucoma patients","volume":"155(5)","author":"JM Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2013.09.003","article-title":"Population- based glaucoma prevalence studies in Asians","volume":"59(4)","author":"HK Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-12-54","article-title":"Perimetric and retinal nerve fiber layer findings in patients with Parkinson&apos;s disease","volume":"12","author":"EE Tsironi","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (R.O.C.) (2011) National Health Insurance: Review Legislations of Medical Institutes."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701501931","article-title":"Open-angle glaucoma \u2013 an epidemiologic overview","volume":"14(4)","author":"MC Leske","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.083733","article-title":"The epidemiology of age related eye diseases in Asia","volume":"90(4)","author":"TY Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a39056","article-title":"Prognostic models with competing risks: methods and application to coronary risk prediction","volume":"20(4)","author":"M Wolbers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150789","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000}}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0108938","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T10:41:06Z","timestamp":1717411266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0108938"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bang V.","family":"Bui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0108938","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150789","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]]}}}