{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:10:23Z","timestamp":1793121023651,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,22]],"date-time":"2014-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413936000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,22]],"date-time":"2014-10-22T18:02:40Z","timestamp":1414000960000},"page":"e110794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Hand-Rearing, Release and Survival of African Penguin Chicks Abandoned Before Independence by Moulting Parents"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Sherley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren J.","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venessa","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deon","family":"Geldenhuys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Les G.","family":"Underhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nola J.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270912000020","article-title":"Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment","volume":"22","author":"JP Croxall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bird Conserv Int"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00419","article-title":"Research priorities for seabirds: improving conservation and management in the 21st century","volume":"17","author":"R Lewison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endanger Species Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2989\/1814232X.2011.572377","article-title":"Collapse of South Africa&apos;s penguins in the early 21st century","volume":"33","author":"RJM Crawford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr J Mar Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford RJM, Makhado AB, Waller LJ, Whittington PA (2014) Winners and losers \u2013 response to recent environmental change by South African seabirds that compete with purse-seine fisheries for food. Ostrich: doi: 10.2989\/00306525.2014.955141. doi:10.2989\/00306525.2014.955141.","DOI":"10.2989\/00306525.2014.955141"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2989\/AJMS.2008.30.1.17.467","article-title":"Influences of the abundance and distribution of prey on African penguins <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic> off western South Africa","volume":"30","author":"RJM Crawford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr J Mar Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12189","article-title":"Age-specific survival and movement among major African Penguin <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic> colonies","volume":"156","author":"RB Sherley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"480","article-title":"Penguins and purse seiners: competition or coexistence?","volume":"3","author":"DC Duffy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Natl Geogr Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10070","article-title":"Influence of local and regional prey availability on breeding performance of African penguins <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic>","volume":"473","author":"RB Sherley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08857","article-title":"Influence of feeding conditions on breeding of African penguins \u2013 importance of adequate local food supplies","volume":"420","author":"JM Durant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.12.013","article-title":"Industrial fishing, no-take zones and endangered penguins","volume":"156","author":"L Pichegru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Sherley RB (2010) Factors influencing the demography of Endangered seabirds at Robben Island, South Africa. PhD thesis. Bristol: University of Bristol. 237 p."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Waller LJ (2011) The African penguin <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic>: conservation and management issues. PhD thesis. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. 290 p."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2989\/1814232X.2014.915232","article-title":"A condition index for African penguin <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic> chicks","volume":"36","author":"A Lubbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr J Mar Sci"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Robinson WML (2013) Modelling the impact of the South African small pelagic fishery on African penguin dynamics. PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town. 221 p."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1071\/MU11055","article-title":"Artificial nests enhance the breeding productivity of African Penguins (<italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic>) on Robben Island, South Africa","volume":"97","author":"RB Sherley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emu"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2989\/18142320509504087","article-title":"Oiled and injured African penguins <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic> and other seabirds admitted for rehabilitation in the Western Cape, South Africa, 2001 and 2002","volume":"27","author":"NJ Parsons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Afr J Mar Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270908000142","article-title":"The efficacy of hand-rearing penguin chicks: evidence from African Penguins (<italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic>) orphaned in the Treasure oil spill in 2000","volume":"18","author":"PJ Barham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bird Conserv Int"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb04260.x","article-title":"Mortality and survival of African penguins <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic> involved in the <italic>Apollo Sea<\/italic> oil spill: an evaluation of rehabilitation efforts","volume":"141","author":"LG Underhill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/00306525.1993.9634188","article-title":"Behaviour of the jackass penguin chick","volume":"64","author":"PJ Seddon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ostrich"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.1978.tb00211.x","article-title":"Moult of the black-footed penguin <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic>","volume":"18","author":"J Cooper","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int Zoo Yearb"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1525\/auk.2008.06262","article-title":"Effect of age and breeding status on molt phenology of adult African penguins (<italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic>) in Namibia","volume":"125","author":"J Kemper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1525\/auk.2009.9709","article-title":"Causes and benefits of chick aggregations in penguins","volume":"126","author":"D Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2989\/025776195784156403","article-title":"Trends of African penguin <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic> populations in the 20th century","volume":"16","author":"RJM Crawford","year":"1995","journal-title":"S Afr J Mar Sci"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Crawford RJM, Hemming M, Kemper J, Klages NTW, Randall R, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2006) Molt of the African penguin, <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic> in relation to its breeding season and food availability. Acta Zool Sin 52 (Supp.): 444\u2013447."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2989\/00306520509485468","article-title":"Age at first breeding of the African penguin","volume":"76","author":"PA Whittington","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ostrich"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2989\/18142320509504079","article-title":"Patterns of immigration to and emigration from breeding colonies by African penguins","volume":"27","author":"PA Whittington","year":"2005","journal-title":"Afr J Mar Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1071\/MU06028","article-title":"Differences in breeding success between African penguins (<italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic>) that were and were not oiled in the MV <italic>Treasure<\/italic> oil-spill in 2000","volume":"107","author":"PJ Barham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emu"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"2","article-title":"SeaWorld California penguin hand-rearing guidelines","volume":"11","author":"WA Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Penguin Conserv"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1638\/02-070","article-title":"<italic>Plasmodium juxtanucleare<\/italic> associated with mortality in black-footed penguins (<italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic>) admitted to a rehabilitation center","volume":"34","author":"KC Grim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00510","article-title":"The initial journey of an endangered penguin: implications for seabird conservation","volume":"21","author":"RB Sherley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endanger Species Res"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"E1","article-title":"The future for flipper banding African penguins: discussion recommendations and guidelines","volume":"33","author":"SL Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar Ornithol"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"87","article-title":"Modeling individual animal histories with multistate capture\u2013recapture models","volume":"41","author":"J-D Lebreton","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2012.02.001","article-title":"Estimating demographic parameters using hidden process dynamic models","volume":"82","author":"O Gimenez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theor Popul Biol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choquet R, Rouan L, Pradel R (2009) Program E-Surge: A software application for fitting multievent models. In: Thomson DL, Cooch EG, Conroy MJ, editors. Modeling Demographic Processes In Marked Populations. Boston: Springer US. 845\u2013865. doi:10.1007\/978-0-387-78151-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78151-8"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. 2nd ed. New York: Springer."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Hansen W (1999) Avian pox. In: Friend M, Franson JC, editors. Field manual of wildlife diseases: general field procedures and diseases of birds. Washington DC: United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division. 163\u2013169."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1675\/063.033.0321","article-title":"Feather-loss disorder in African and Magellanic penguins","volume":"33","author":"OJ Kane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Waterbirds"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones CG, Merton DV (2012) A tale of two islands: the rescue and recovery of Endemic birds in New Zealand and Mauritius. In: Ewen J, Armstrong D, Parker K, Seddon P, editors. Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science and Management. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 33\u201372.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444355833.ch2"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2009.03.027","article-title":"Translocations of eight species of burrow-nesting seabirds (genera <italic>Pterodroma<\/italic>, <italic>Pelecanoides<\/italic>, <italic>Pachyptila<\/italic> and <italic>Puffinus<\/italic>: Family Procellariidae)","volume":"142","author":"CM Miskelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270911000438","article-title":"Translocation and hand-rearing techniques for establishing a colony of threatened albatross","volume":"22","author":"T Deguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bird Conserv Int"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270911000372","article-title":"Establishment of a new, secure colony of Endangered Bermuda Petrel <italic>Pterodroma cahow<\/italic> by translocation of near-fledged nestlings","volume":"22","author":"N Carlile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bird Conserv Int"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.240","article-title":"A review of the world&apos;s active seabird restoration projects","volume":"76","author":"HP Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Gummer H (2003) Chick translocation as a method of establishing new surface-nesting seabird colonies: a review. DOC Science Internal Series 150. Department of Conservation, Wellington. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/csl.doc.govt.nz\/documents\/science-and-technical\/dsis150.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/csl.doc.govt.nz\/documents\/science-and-technical\/dsis150.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1071\/MU03062","article-title":"Establishment of a colony of common diving petrels (<italic>Pelecanoides urinatrix<\/italic>) by chick transfers and acoustic attraction","volume":"104","author":"CM Miskelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emu"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Whittington PA (2002) Survival and movements of African penguins, especially after oiling. PhD thesis. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. 296 p."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1998)079[1781:OTCORI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the cost of reproduction in long-lived birds: the influence of environmental variability","volume":"79","author":"KE Erikstad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payne R (1972) Mechanisms and control of molt. In: Farner DC, King JR, editors. Avian Biology Vol. 2. New York and London: Academic Press. 103\u2013155.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-249402-4.50012-7"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Randall RM (1989) Jackass penguins. In: Payne AIL, Crawford RJM, van Dalsen AP, editors. Oceans of Life of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Vlaeberg. 244\u2013256."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2989\/AJMS.2009.31.1.2.773","article-title":"Comparison of moult phenology of African penguins <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic> at Robben and Dassen Islands","volume":"31","author":"AC Wolfaardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr J Mar Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.03.019","article-title":"The influence of food availability on breeding success of African penguins <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic> at Robben Island, South Africa","volume":"132","author":"RJM Crawford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2989\/1814232X.2014.929027","article-title":"Processes influencing the population dynamics and conservation of African penguins on Dyer Island, South Africa","volume":"36","author":"K Ludynia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr J Mar Sci"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"23","article-title":"The African Penguin Chick Bolstering Project: a One Plan approach to integrated species conservation","volume":"14","author":"C Schwitzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"WAZA Mag"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.11.018","article-title":"Lessons from a failed translocation program with a seabird species: Determinants of success and conservation value","volume":"144","author":"D Oro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"Ritchie B, Harrison G, Harrison L (1994) Avian medicine: principles and application. Lake Worth, Florida: Wingers Publishing Inc."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.3.790","article-title":"Avian pox in Magellanic penguins (<italic>Spheniscus magellanicus<\/italic>)","volume":"48","author":"OJ Kane","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/00306525.1992.9634174","article-title":"Malaria in wild and captive jackass penguins <italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/italic> along the southern African Coast","volume":"63","author":"J-J Brossy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ostrich"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"135","article-title":"Detection of avian Malaria infections in wild and captive penguins","volume":"62","author":"TK Graczyk","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Helminthol Soc Washingt"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"69","article-title":"The significance of avian haematozoa in conservation strategies","volume":"10","author":"MA Peirce","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"185","article-title":"Diseases acquired by captive penguins; what happens when they are released into the wild?","volume":"27","author":"J-J Brossy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar Ornithol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5038\/2074-1235.27.1.440","article-title":"Blood parasites in penguins, and their potential impact on conservation","volume":"27","author":"HI Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar Ornithol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0110794","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T10:27:11Z","timestamp":1746440831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0110794"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"William","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,22]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0110794","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,22]]}}}