{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:19:59Z","timestamp":1789370399843,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415577600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T19:18:18Z","timestamp":1415647098000},"page":"e112771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Contrasting Effect of Prepulse Signals on Performance of Toxoplasma-Infected and Toxoplasma-Free Subjects in an Acoustic Reaction Times Test"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lenka","family":"P\u0159\u00edplatov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanka","family":"\u0160eb\u00e1nkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Flegr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"AM Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.073635","article-title":"Influence of latent Toxoplasma<\/italic> infection on human personality, physiology and morphology: pros and cons of the Toxoplasma<\/italic>-human model in studying the manipulation hypothesis","volume":"216","author":"J Flegr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.074153","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> infection and behaviour - location, location, location?","volume":"216","author":"GA McConkey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl073","article-title":"The effect of Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> on animal behavior: Playing cat and mouse","volume":"33","author":"JP Webster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2010.017","article-title":"Pattern of money allocation in experimental games supports the stress hypothesis of gender differences in Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>-induced behavioural changes","volume":"57","author":"J Lindov\u00e1","year":"2010","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"122","article-title":"Influence of chronic toxoplasmosis on some human personality factors","volume":"41","author":"J Flegr","year":"1994","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2010.010","article-title":"Influence of latent toxoplasmosis on the phenotype of intermediate hosts","volume":"57","author":"J Flegr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007624","article-title":"Decrease of psychomotor performance in subjects with latent \u2018asymptomatic\u2019 toxoplasmosis","volume":"122","author":"J Havl\u00ed\u010dek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flegr J, Preiss M, Klose J (2013) Toxoplasmosis-associated difference in intelligence and personality in men depends on their Rhesus blood group but not ABO blood group. PLoS ONE 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061272"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm026","article-title":"Editors\u2019 introduction: Schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis","volume":"33","author":"EF Torrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01131.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma<\/italic> and schizophrenia","volume":"31","author":"RH Yolken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.01.007","article-title":"How and why Toxoplasma<\/italic> makes us crazy","volume":"29","author":"J Flegr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.074716","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> infection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour?","volume":"216","author":"JP Webster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl050","article-title":"Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"EF Torrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs043","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> and other risk factors for schizophrenia: An update","volume":"38","author":"EF Torrey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-165","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> infection in humans in China","volume":"4","author":"P Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vect"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12031","article-title":"Differences in onset of disease and severity of psychopathology between toxoplasmosis-related and toxoplasmosis-unrelated schizophrenia","volume":"127","author":"D Holub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horacek J, Flegr J, Tintera J, Verebova K, Spaniel F, et al<\/etal>.. (2012) Latent toxoplasmosis reduces gray matter density in schizophrenia but not in controls: Voxel-based-morphometry (VBM) study. World J Biol Psychiatry.","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.573809"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00780.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma<\/italic> infection in first-episode schizophrenia and comparison between Toxoplasma<\/italic>-seropositive and Toxoplasma<\/italic>-seronegative schizophrenia","volume":"114","author":"HL Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.573809","article-title":"Latent toxoplasmosis reduces gray matter density in schizophrenia but not in controls: voxel-based-morphometry (VBM) study","volume":"13","author":"J Horacek","year":"2012","journal-title":"The world journal of biological psychiatry: the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07071210","article-title":"An odor-specific threshold deficit implicates abnormal intracellular cyclic AMP signaling in schizophrenia","volume":"166","author":"BI Turetsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328336643f","article-title":"Olfactory function and schizophrenia: an update","volume":"23","author":"CI Rupp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1389","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001389","article-title":"Fatal attraction phenomenon in humans: cat odour attractiveness increased for Toxoplasma<\/italic>-infected men while decreased for infected women","volume":"5","author":"J Flegr","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Neglect Trop D"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1182","article-title":"Fatal attraction in rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>","volume":"267","author":"M Berdoy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Biol Sci Ser B"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608310104","article-title":"Behavioral changes induced by Toxoplasma<\/italic> infection of rodents are highly specific to aversion of cat odors","volume":"104","author":"A Vyas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"House PK, Vyas A, Sapolsky R (2011) Predator cat odors activate sexual arousal pathways in brains of Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> infected rats. PLoS ONE 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023277"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.072983","article-title":"Parasite-augmented mate choice and reduction in innate fear in rats infected by Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>","volume":"216","author":"A Vyas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100810","article-title":"Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies","volume":"156","author":"DL Braff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90183-Z","article-title":"Startle gating deficits occur across prepulse intensities in schizophrenic patients","volume":"32","author":"C Grillon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.4.596","article-title":"Symptom correlates of prepulse inhibition deficits in male schizophrenic patients","volume":"156","author":"DL Braff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.6.609","article-title":"Prepulse inhibition of the startle response in men with schizophrenia: effects of age of onset of illness, symptoms, and medication","volume":"57","author":"V Kumari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.10.1660","article-title":"Modulation of the startle response and startle laterality in relatives of schizophrenic patients and in subjects with schizotypal personality disorder: Evidence of inhibitory deficits","volume":"157","author":"KS Cadenhead","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.12.1325","article-title":"Startle gating deficits in a large cohort of patients with schizophrenia: relationship to medications, symptoms, neurocognition, and level of function","volume":"63","author":"NR Swerdlow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.028","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> exposure affects neural processing speed as measured by acoustic startle latency in schizophrenia and controls","volume":"150","author":"BD Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199711000-00002","article-title":"The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: current status, future prospects","volume":"12","author":"P Willner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"37","article-title":"Evolution of schizophrenia drugs: A focus on dopaminergic systems","volume":"9","author":"SS Nikam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Invest Drugs"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"e4801","article-title":"A unique dual activity amino acid hydroxylase in Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> PLoS ONE","volume":"4","author":"EA Gaskell","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023866","article-title":"The neurotropic parasite Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> increases dopamine metabolism","volume":"6","author":"E Prandovszky","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.10.005","article-title":"Sex-dependent neurotransmitter level changes in brains of Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> infected mice","volume":"133","author":"J Gatkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006000886","article-title":"The role of dopamine in Toxoplasma<\/italic>-induced behavioural alterations in mice: an ethological and ethopharmacological study","volume":"133","author":"A Skallov\u00e1","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007002673","article-title":"Poorer results of mice with latent toxoplasmosis in learning tests: impaired learning processes or the novelty discrimination mechanism?","volume":"134","author":"H Hodkov\u00e1","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2760.1","article-title":"Dopamine stimulates propagation of Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> tachyzoites in human fibroblast and primary neonatal rat astrocyte cell cultures","volume":"98","author":"JS Strobl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(03)00075-9","article-title":"Decreased level of psychobiological factor novelty seeking and lower intelligence in men latently infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> Dopamine, a missing link between schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis?","volume":"63","author":"J Flegr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"480","article-title":"Decreased level of novelty seeking in blood donors infected with Toxoplasma<\/italic>","volume":"26","author":"A Skallov\u00e1","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol Lett"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.10.016","article-title":"The Toxoplasma<\/italic> MAGI peptides induce sex-based humoral immune response in mice and distinguish active from chronic human infection","volume":"15","author":"JC Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb Infect"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.067991","article-title":"Negative feedback regulation of nigrostriatal dopamine release: Mediation by striatal D1 receptors","volume":"311","author":"SS Saklayen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)11790-P","article-title":"Reaction time and acoustic startle in normal human subjects","volume":"195","author":"J Valls-Sole","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1402-0","article-title":"Interaction between startle and voluntary reactions in humans","volume":"187","author":"J Valls-Sol\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.052","article-title":"The effects of prepulse inhibition timing on the startle reflex and reaction time","volume":"513","author":"D Maslovat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01564.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a commercial IgE ELISA in comparison with IgA and IgM ELISAs, IgG avidity assay and complement fixation for the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis","volume":"13","author":"P Kodym","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infec"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"475","article-title":"Neurophysiological effect of the Rh factor. Protective role of the RhD molecule against Toxoplasma<\/italic>-induced impairment of reaction times in women","volume":"29","author":"J Flegr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol Lett"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Siegel S, Castellan NJ (1988) Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill. xxiii, 399 p."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.03.014","article-title":"Direct evidence of Toxoplasma<\/italic>-induced changes in serum testosterone in mice","volume":"128","author":"\u0160 Ka\u0148kov\u00e1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"66","article-title":"Postnatal latent toxoplasmosis in schizophrenia: cognitive and psychopathological correlates","volume":"10","author":"D Holub","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatrie"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088903100306","article-title":"The acoustic startle response and disruption of aiming: II. Modulation by forewarning and preliminary stimuli","volume":"31","author":"JA Foss","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"The psychological significance of human startle","volume":"47","author":"DL Filion","year":"1998","journal-title":"eyeblink modification: a review Biological Psychology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050935","article-title":"Prepulse modulation of the startle reaction and the blink reflex in normal human subjects","volume":"129","author":"J Valls-Sole","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"22","article-title":"Changes in the personality profile of young women with latent toxoplasmosis","volume":"46","author":"J Flegr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun XJ, Lu HJ, Jia BY, Chang ZG, Peng S, et al<\/etal>.. (2013) A comparative study of Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> seroprevalence in three healthy Chinese populations detected using native and recombinant antigens. Parasit Vect 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-241"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2005.026","article-title":"Influence of latent \u2018asymptomatic\u2019 toxoplasmosis on body weight of pregnant women","volume":"52","author":"J Flegr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200800485X","article-title":"Toxoplasma<\/italic> and reaction time: Role of toxoplasmosis in the origin, preservation and geographical distribution of Rh blood group polymorphism","volume":"135","author":"M Novotn\u00e1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2010.018","article-title":"The influence of RhD phenotype on toxoplasmosis- and age-associated changes in personality profile of blood donors","volume":"57","author":"J Flegr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007004064","article-title":"Sex-dependent toxoplasmosis-associated differences in testosterone concentration in humans","volume":"135","author":"J Flegr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0112771","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:59:52Z","timestamp":1689641992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0112771"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Grigg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0112771","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]}}}