{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:19:34Z","timestamp":1791188374895,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]],"date-time":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]],"date-time":"2014-12-10T13:56:07Z","timestamp":1418219767000},"page":"e114052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Inter-Annual Variability of Fledgling Sex Ratio in King Penguins"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Bordier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Saraux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent A.","family":"Viblanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Gachot-Neveu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Beaugey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvon","family":"Le Maho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Le Bohec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1086\/280824","article-title":"The Sex Ratio in Wild Birds","volume":"73","author":"E Mayr","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.21.110190.000305","article-title":"Sex Allocation Theory for Birds and Mammals","volume":"21","author":"SA Frank","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher RA (1930) The Genetical Theory Of Natural Selection. At The Clarendon Press. 308 p.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.27468"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00802.x","article-title":"Frequency dependent selection: homage to E. B. Poulton","volume":"23","author":"JA Allen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"96","article-title":"How fundamental are Fisherian sex ratios?","volume":"5","author":"JJ Bull","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oxf Surv Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1126\/science.156.3774.477","article-title":"Extraordinary Sex Ratios","volume":"156","author":"WD Hamilton","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4068.90","article-title":"Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring","volume":"179","author":"RL Trivers","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Charnov EL (1982) The Theory of Sex Allocation. Princeton University Press. 378 p."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.2.570","article-title":"Experimental demonstration that offspring sex ratio varies with maternal condition","volume":"96","author":"RG Nager","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/20917","article-title":"Population density affects sex ratio variation in red deer","volume":"399","author":"LE Kruuk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1126\/science.201.4351.163","article-title":"Sex Ratio and Local Resource Competition in a Prosimian Primate","volume":"201","author":"AB Clark","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps309001","article-title":"Impact of El Ni\u00f1o on the foraging behavior of female northern elephant seals","volume":"309","author":"DE Crocker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1644\/08-MAMM-A-130.1","article-title":"North Pacific Climate Mediates Offspring Sex Ratio in Northern Elephant Seals","volume":"90","author":"DE Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Keyfitz N, Flieger W (1971) Population: facts and methods of demography. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Caswell H (2001) Matrix population models. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts. 722 p."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Trivers RL (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In : Campbell B, editor. Sexual selection and the descent of man. Chicago : Aldine-Atherton. pp. 136\u2013179."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.1998.00374.x","article-title":"Recent studies of avian sex ratios","volume":"80","author":"BC Sheldon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.2307\/4089382","article-title":"Why Do Aptenodytes Penguins Have High Divorce Rates?","volume":"116","author":"J Bried","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Auk"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.07.041","article-title":"Experiments on colour ornaments and mate choice in king penguins","volume":"78","author":"G Pincemy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2010.01835.x","article-title":"Homosexual Mating Displays in Penguins: Homosexual Mating Displays in Penguins","volume":"116","author":"G Pincemy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-002-0985-6","article-title":"Survival in king penguins <italic>Aptenodytes patagonicus<\/italic>: temporal and sex-specific effects of environmental variability","volume":"132","author":"O Olsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12076","article-title":"Male-biased mate competition in king penguin trio parades","volume":"119","author":"I Keddar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"The King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonica of South Georgia. I. Breeding behaviourand development","volume":"23","author":"B Stonehouse","year":"1960","journal-title":"Sci Rep Falkl Isl Depend Surv"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-0930-3","article-title":"Do penguins dare to walk at night? Visual cues influence king penguin colony arrivals and departures","volume":"64","author":"AP Nesterova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"9","article-title":"Quelques aspects de la biologie et de l\u2019\u00e9cologie du manchot royal (<italic>Aptenodytes patagonicus<\/italic>) des \u00eeles Crozet","volume":"40","author":"A Barrat","year":"1976","journal-title":"Com Natl Fr Rech Antarct"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08387.x","article-title":"The breeding biology and population dynamics of king penguins <italic>Aptenodytes patagonica<\/italic> on the Crozet Islands","volume":"134","author":"H Weimerskirch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Starting with a handicap: phenotypic differences between early- and late-born king penguin chicks and their survival correlates","author":"A Stier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2307\/3676955","article-title":"Seasonal Effects of Timing and Reproduction in the King Penguin: A Unique Breeding Cycle","volume":"27","author":"O Olsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.11.012","article-title":"The adaptive significance of cr\u00e8ches in the king penguin","volume":"70","author":"C Le Bohec","year":"2005","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1436","article-title":"Heterothermy in growing king penguins","volume":"2","author":"G Eichhorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3354\/meps237291","article-title":"Seabird reproduction in an unpredictable environment: how king penguins provide their young chicks with food","volume":"237","author":"M Gauthier-Clerc","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Energetic adjustments in freely breeding-fasting king penguins: does colony density matter","author":"VA Viblanc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2001.1803","article-title":"State-dependent decisions in long-term fasting king penguins, <italic>Aptenodytes patagonicus<\/italic>, during courtship and incubation","volume":"62","author":"M Gauthier-Clerc","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/380215a0","article-title":"State-dependent life histories","volume":"380","author":"JM McNamara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020407","article-title":"Effects of Individual Pre-Fledging Traits and Environmental Conditions on Return Patterns in Juvenile King Penguins","volume":"6","author":"C Saraux","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s003000050322","article-title":"Is penguin banding harmless?","volume":"20","author":"G Froget","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polar Biol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.5253\/078.096.0215","article-title":"Effect of PIT tags on the survival and recruitment of Great Tits","volume":"96","author":"M Nicolaus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ardea"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1648\/0273-8570-76.2.138","article-title":"A new application for transponders in studying penguins","volume":"76","author":"J-P Gendner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Field Ornithol"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 686 p."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0184","article-title":"Sex determination in birds using two CHD genes","volume":"263","author":"R Griffiths","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11723","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.21.11723","article-title":"Sex ratio adjustment in relation to paternal attractiveness in a wild bird population","volume":"93","author":"H Ellegren","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1074","article-title":"John J, Quinn TW (1998) Chromosome-Specific Intron Size Differences in the Avian CHD Gene Provide an Efficient Method for Sex Identification in Birds","volume":"115","author":"NW Kahn","journal-title":"The Auk"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294x.1998.00389.x","article-title":"A DNA test to sex most birds","volume":"7","author":"R Griffiths","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-005-0096-z","article-title":"Accounting for body condition improves allometric estimates of resting metabolic rates in fasting king penguins, <italic>Aptenodytes patagonicus<\/italic>","volume":"29","author":"A Fahlman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polar Biol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0232","article-title":"Restitution of mass-size residuals: validating body condition indices","volume":"86","author":"AI Schulte-Hostedde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2008.01545.x","article-title":"Comparison of color and body condition between early and late breeding king penguins","volume":"114","author":"FS Dobson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"87","article-title":"The annual breeding cycle of unbanded king penguins <italic>Aptenodytes patagonicus<\/italic> on Possession Island (Crozet)","volume":"2","author":"S Descamps","year":"2002","journal-title":"Avian Sci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2007.01268.x","article-title":"Population dynamics in a long-lived seabird: I. Impact of breeding activity on survival and breeding probability in unbanded king penguins","volume":"76","author":"C Le Bohec","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.06.024","article-title":"Chick-provisioning strategies used by king penguins to adapt to a multiseasonal breeding cycle","volume":"84","author":"C Saraux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071281","article-title":"Ecological Effects of Climate Fluctuations","volume":"297","author":"NC Stenseth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2005.01005.x","article-title":"Weather packages: finding the right scale and composition of climate in ecology","volume":"74","author":"NC Stenseth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14189","DOI":"10.1029\/JC092iC13p14189","article-title":"El Ni\u00f1o events and their relation to the Southern Oscillation: 1925\u20131986","volume":"92","author":"C Deser","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712031105","article-title":"King penguin population threatened by Southern Ocean warming","volume":"105","author":"C Le Bohec","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09630","article-title":"Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change","volume":"469","author":"C Saraux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.2705","article-title":"Projected poleward shift of king penguins\u2019 (Aptenodytes patagonicus) foraging range at the Crozet Islands, southern Indian Ocean","volume":"279","author":"C P\u00e9ron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL016889","article-title":"Ocean primary production and climate: Global decadal changes","volume":"30","author":"WW Gregg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3354\/meps221285","article-title":"Utilisation of the oceanic habitat by king penguins over the annual cycle","volume":"221","author":"J-B Charrassin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2011). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2007.00724.x","article-title":"Adult sex ratios in wild bird populations","volume":"149","author":"F Donald P","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0927","article-title":"Adaptive sex allocation in birds: the complexities of linking theory and practice","volume":"357","author":"J Komdeur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Philosophical transaction of the royal society: biological Sciences"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650000262","article-title":"Parental condition, brood sex ratio and differential young survival: an experimental study in gulls (<italic>Larus fuscus<\/italic>)","volume":"48","author":"RG Nager","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1086\/282461","article-title":"Natural selection, the cost of reproduction and a refinment of Lack\u2019s principle","volume":"100","author":"GC Williams","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cockburn A, Legge S, Double MC (2002) Sex ratios in birds and mammals: can the hypotheses be disentangled? Sex Ratios: concepts and research methods. Cambridge University Press. pp. 266\u2013286.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542053.014"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.2.570","article-title":"Experimental demonstration that offspring sex ratio varies with maternal condition","volume":"96","author":"RG Nager","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/13.4.443","article-title":"Experimental manipulation of maternal effort produces differential effects in sons and daughters: implications for adaptive sex ratios in the blue-footed booby","volume":"13","author":"A Velando","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1205","article-title":"Environmental sex determination in a reptile varies seasonally and with yolk hormones","volume":"267","author":"RM Bowden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2307\/4089064","article-title":"The effects of hatching date and parental quality on chick growth and cr\u00e8ching age in the chinstrap penguin <italic>Pygoscelis antarctica<\/italic>: a field experiment","volume":"114","author":"J Moreno","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Auk"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3354\/cr033271","article-title":"Climate and the match or mismatch between predator requirements and resource availability","volume":"33","author":"J Durant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim Res"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1998)079[1905:FSOKPA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Foraging strategy of king penguins (<italic>Aptenodytes patagonicus<\/italic>) during summer at the Crozet Islands","volume":"79","author":"K P\u00fctz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2007.02.005","article-title":"Modelling the effect of El Ni\u00f1o on the persistence of small populations: The Gal\u00e1pagos penguin as a case study","volume":"137","author":"FH Vargas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref71","unstructured":"Climate change 2013. <italic>The physical Science Basis<\/italic><italic>. <\/italic><italic>Summary for Policymakers of the Intergivernmental Panel on Climate Change<\/italic> IPCC (WG I, 2013, Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\" xlink:type=\"simple\">www.ipcc.ch<\/ext-link>)."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01268.x","article-title":"Demographic origins of skewed operational and adult sex ratios: perturbation analyses of two-sex models","volume":"12","author":"S Veran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0114052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T18:36:39Z","timestamp":1588962999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0114052"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Descamps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0114052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]]}}}