{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T13:04:55Z","timestamp":1789823095605,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]],"date-time":"2015-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]],"date-time":"2015-01-28T18:59:14Z","timestamp":1422471554000},"page":"e0114932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Rapid Screening of Gene Function by Systemic Delivery of Morpholino Oligonucleotides to Live Mouse Embryos"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kathryn S.","family":"McClelland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elanor N.","family":"Wainwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Bowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Koopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.010","article-title":"Development and Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for Genome Engineering","volume":"157","author":"PD Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1071\/RD01130","article-title":"Introduction and expression of foreign genes in cultured mouse embryonic gonads by electroporation","volume":"14","author":"Y Nakamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000322162","article-title":"Analysis of gene function in cultured embryonic mouse gonads using nucleofection","volume":"5","author":"J Ryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21919","article-title":"Ex vivo magnetofection: A novel strategy for the study of gene function in mouse organogenesis","volume":"238","author":"T Svingen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.07.034","article-title":"Canonical Wnt signaling negatively regulates branching morphogenesis of the lung and lacrimal gland","volume":"286","author":"CH Dean","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41420","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306425200","article-title":"The receptor tyrosine kinase regulator Sprouty1 is a target of the tumor suppressor WT1 and important for kidney development","volume":"278","author":"I Gross","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.045732","article-title":"Genomic characterization of Wilms\u2019 tumor suppressor 1 targets in nephron progenitor cells during kidney development","volume":"137","author":"S Hartwig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(97)00201-3","article-title":"Pod-1, a mesoderm-specific basic-helix-loop-helix protein expressed in mesenchymal and glomerular epithelial cells in the developing kidney","volume":"71","author":"SE Quaggin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mech Dev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq104","article-title":"The PCP genes Celsr1 and Vangl2 are required for normal lung branching morphogenesis","volume":"19","author":"LL Yates","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000228720","article-title":"Identification of suitable normalizing genes for quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of gene expression in fetal mouse gonads","volume":"3","author":"T Svingen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21925","article-title":"Three-dimensional visualization of testis cord morphogenesis, a novel tubulogenic mechanism in development","volume":"238","author":"AN Combes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2008.03.006","article-title":"Lack of reproducible growth inhibition by Schlafen1 and Schlafen2 in vitro","volume":"41","author":"L Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.110155","article-title":"SOX9 Regulates MicroRNA miR-202\u20135p\/3p Expression During Mouse Testis Differentiation","volume":"89","author":"EN Wainwright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi463","article-title":"Expression profiling of purified mouse gonadal somatic cells during the critical time window of sex determination reveals novel candidate genes for human sexual dysgenesis syndromes","volume":"15","author":"A Beverdam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2010.08.010","article-title":"FGF9 suppresses meiosis and promotes male germ cell fate in mice","volume":"19","author":"J Bowles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pdb.prot5371","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot5371","article-title":"Visualizing fetal mouse vasculature by India ink injection","volume":"2010","author":"A Nagy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Protoc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04620.x","article-title":"Use of a recombinant retrovirus to study post-implantation cell lineage in mouse embryos","volume":"5","author":"JR Sanes","year":"1986","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010299108","article-title":"Vascular-mesenchymal cross-talk through Vegf and Pdgf drives organ patterning","volume":"108","author":"J Cool","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2144\/000113005","article-title":"Vivo-Morpholinos: a non-peptide transporter delivers Morpholinos into a wide array of mouse tissues","volume":"45","author":"PA Morcos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14031304","article-title":"Gene knockdowns in adult animals: PPMOs and vivo-morpholinos","volume":"14","author":"JD Moulton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.38","article-title":"Octa-guanidine morpholino restores dystrophin expression in cardiac and skeletal muscles and ameliorates pathology in dystrophic mdx mice","volume":"17","author":"B Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-1606(03)00214-8","article-title":"Primordial germ cells in the mouse","volume":"262","author":"A McLaren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.026","article-title":"Control of mammalian germ cell entry into meiosis","volume":"382","author":"C-W Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(10)90006-9","article-title":"The game plan: cellular and molecular mechanisms of mammalian testis development","volume":"90","author":"EN Wainwright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.045930","article-title":"Homozygous inactivation of Sox9 causes complete XY sex reversal in mice","volume":"74","author":"F Barrionuevo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/82652","article-title":"A transgenic insertion upstream of Sox9 is associated with dominant XX sex reversal in the mouse","volume":"26","author":"CE Bishop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1891","article-title":"Functional analysis of Sox8 and Sox9 during sex determination in the mouse","volume":"131","author":"M-C Chaboissier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Functional analysis of Sox8 and Sox9 during sex determination in the mouse"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111092198","article-title":"Haploinsufficiency of Sox9 results in defective cartilage primordia and premature skeletal mineralization","volume":"98","author":"W Bi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81527-5","article-title":"Targeted Mutagenesis of the Endogenous Mouse Mis Gene Promoter: In Vivo Definition of Genetic Pathways of Vertebrate Sexual Development","volume":"99","author":"NA Arango","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10553","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M609578200","article-title":"SOX9 regulates prostaglandin D synthase gene transcription in vivo to ensure testis development","volume":"282","author":"D Wilhelm","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00480-3","article-title":"Sertoli cell signaling by Desert hedgehog regulates the male germline","volume":"6","author":"MJ Bitgood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"19","article-title":"A dosage-dependent requirement for Sox9 in pancreatic endocrine cell formation","volume":"323","author":"PA Seymour","year":"2008","journal-title":"A dosage-dependent requirement for Sox9 in pancreatic endocrine cell formation"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1865","article-title":"SOX9 is required for maintenance of the pancreatic progenitor cell pool","volume":"104","author":"PA Seymour","year":"2007","journal-title":"SOX9 is required for maintenance of the pancreatic progenitor cell pool"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023131","article-title":"Sox9-haploinsufficiency causes glucose intolerance in mice","volume":"6","author":"CL Dubois","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.088997","article-title":"Redundant and differential roles of transcription factors gli1 and gli2 in the development of mouse fetal Leydig cells","volume":"84","author":"I Barsoum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.981202","article-title":"Desert Hedgehog\/Patched 1 signaling specifies fetal Leydig cell fate in testis organogenesis","volume":"16","author":"HH-C Yao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-133X(02)00022-4","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic gene expression in the developing mouse gonad","volume":"2","author":"DB Menke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gene Expr Patterns"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det365","article-title":"Epistasis between IGF2R and ADAMTS19 polymorphisms associates with premature ovarian failure","volume":"28","author":"J-A Pyun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep197","article-title":"Genome-wide association study in premature ovarian failure patients suggests ADAMTS19 as a possible candidate gene","volume":"24","author":"EAH Knauff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gep.2008.05.006","article-title":"A microarray analysis of the XX Wnt4 mutant gonad targeted at the identification of genes involved in testis vascular differentiation","volume":"8","author":"D Coveney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gene Expr Patterns"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002575","article-title":"Temporal transcriptional profiling of somatic and germ cells reveals biased lineage priming of sexual fate in the fetal mouse gonad","volume":"8","author":"SA Jameson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.084590","article-title":"Two regions within the proximal steroidogenic factor 1 promoter drive somatic cell-specific activity in developing gonads of the female mouse","volume":"84","author":"L Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.001115","article-title":"Controlling morpholino experiments: don\u2019t stop making antisense","volume":"135","author":"JS Eisen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.112003","article-title":"Out with the old, in with the new: reassessing morpholino knockdowns in light of genome editing technology","volume":"141","author":"S Schulte-Merker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0114932","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T07:41:08Z","timestamp":1566286868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0114932"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Schubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0114932","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]]}}}