{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T10:26:21Z","timestamp":1792923981847,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]],"date-time":"2015-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]],"date-time":"2015-01-27T13:43:30Z","timestamp":1422366210000},"page":"e0115290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Poverty, Food Insufficiency and HIV Infection and Sexual Behaviour among Young Rural Zimbabwean Women"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sophie J. S.","family":"Pascoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa F.","family":"Langhaug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Webster","family":"Mavhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hargreaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabbar","family":"Jaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances M.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121054","article-title":"HIV decline associated with behavior change in eastern Zimbabwe","volume":"311","author":"S Gregson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.016014","article-title":"Declines in HIV prevalence can be associated with changing sexual behaviour in Uganda, urban Kenya, Zimbabwe, and urban Haiti","volume":"82","author":"TB Hallett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000300536.82354.52","article-title":"HIV incidence and poverty in Manicaland, Zimbabwe: is HIV becoming a disease of the poor?","volume":"21","author":"B Lopman","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i42","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.019174","article-title":"HIV prevalence and trends from data in Zimbabwe, 1997\u20132004","volume":"82","author":"A Mahomva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2007) AIDS epidemic update: December 2007. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/pub\/EPISlides\/2007\/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/pub\/EPISlides\/2007\/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2010\u201311","year":"2012"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000300531.74730.72","article-title":"Is poverty or wealth driving HIV transmission?","volume":"21","author":"S Gillespie","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000327434.28538.51","article-title":"Wealth, health, HIV and the economics of hope","volume":"22","author":"T Barnett","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1425.013","article-title":"Poverty, gender inequities, and women\u2019s risk of human immunodeficiency virus\/AIDS","volume":"1136","author":"S Krishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000300532.51860.2a","article-title":"HIV infection does not disproportionately affect the poorer in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"21","author":"V Mishra","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040314","article-title":"Squaring the circle: AIDS, poverty, and human development","volume":"4","author":"P Piot","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040301","article-title":"Food insecurity\u2014a risk factor for HIV infection","volume":"4","author":"N Rollins","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67401-6","article-title":"Is poverty or wealth at the root of HIV?","volume":"366","author":"JD Shelton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932004006534","article-title":"Socioeconomic status as a risk factor for HIV infection in women in East, Central and Southern Africa: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"JM Wojcicki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000300530.67107.45","article-title":"Investigating the empirical evidence for understanding vulnerability and the associations between poverty, HIV infection and AIDS impact","volume":"21","author":"S Gillespie","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71428-8","article-title":"Poverty and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"357","author":"N O\u2019Farrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001557","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001557","article-title":"Harnessing poverty alleviation to reduce the stigma of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"10","author":"AC Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.012070","article-title":"Conceptual framework for understanding the bidirectional links between food insecurity and HIV AIDS","volume":"94","author":"SD Weiser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000300535.05226.a9","article-title":"Household and community income, economic shocks and risky sexual behavior of young adults: evidence from the Cape Area Panel Study 2002 and 2005","volume":"21","author":"T Dinkelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17109-2","article-title":"Preventing HIV\/AIDS through poverty reduction: the only sustainable solution?","volume":"364","author":"L Fenton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"No. 31","key":"ref21","article-title":"DHS Working Papers: A study of the association of HIV infection with wealth in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"2007","author":"V Mishra","year":"2007","journal-title":"DHS Working Papers: A study of the association of HIV infection with wealth in sub-Saharan Africa"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2008) Report on the global AIDS epidemic 2008. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/en\/media\/unaids\/contentassets\/dataimport\/pub\/globalreport\/2008\/jc1510_2008globalreport_en.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/en\/media\/unaids\/contentassets\/dataimport\/pub\/globalreport\/2008\/jc1510_2008globalreport_en.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"UNDP (2007) Human Development Report 2007\/2008. Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/268\/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/268\/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60883-1","article-title":"\u201cKnow your epidemic, know your response\u201d: a useful approach, if we get it right","volume":"372","author":"D Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.10.007","article-title":"Urban-rural differences in the socioeconomic deprivation--sexual behavior link in Kenya","volume":"64","author":"FN Dodoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000225870.87456.ae","article-title":"Risk factors for HIV infection in a national adult population: evidence from the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey","volume":"42","author":"K Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f2aac3","article-title":"Systematic review exploring time trends in the association between educational attainment and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"22","author":"JR Hargreaves","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00889.x","article-title":"Educational attainment and HIV-1 infection in developing countries: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"JR Hargreaves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Cohen D. (1998) Poverty and HIV\/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. pp. 1\u201312."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040260","article-title":"Food insufficiency is associated with high-risk sexual behavior among women in Botswana and Swaziland","volume":"4","author":"SD Weiser","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9693-0","article-title":"Food insecurity and sexual risk in an HIV endemic community in Uganda","volume":"15","author":"CL Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn131","article-title":"Keep them in school: the importance of education as a protective factor against HIV infection among young South African women","volume":"37","author":"AE Pettifor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000341777.78876.40","article-title":"Exploring the role of economic empowerment in HIV prevention","volume":"22","author":"J Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2006.18.3.259","article-title":"South African adolescents: pathways to risky sexual behavior","volume":"18","author":"DW Brook","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0039-3665.2004.00030.x","article-title":"Communities, opportunities, and adolescents\u2019 sexual behavior in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"35","author":"CE Kaufman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) (2012) Zimbabwe Population Census 2012: National Report. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.zimstat.co.zw\/dmdocuments\/Census\/CensusResults2012\/National_Report.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.zimstat.co.zw\/dmdocuments\/Census\/CensusResults2012\/National_Report.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"UNDP (2013) Human Development Report 2013 The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/14\/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/14\/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02137.x","article-title":"The Regai Dzive Shiri Project: a cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a multi-component community-based HIV prevention intervention for rural youth in Zimbabwe\u2014study design and baseline results","volume":"13","author":"FM Cowan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833e77c9","article-title":"The Regai Dzive Shiri Project: results of a randomised trial of an HIV prevention intervention for Zimbabwean youth","volume":"24","author":"F Cowan","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO)\/World Food Programme (WFP) (2009) FAO\/WFP crop and food security assessment mission to Zimbabwe. Special Report. 22 June 2009. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/documents.wfp.org\/stellent\/groups\/public\/documents\/ena\/wfp204531.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/documents.wfp.org\/stellent\/groups\/public\/documents\/ena\/wfp204531.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108004-00003","article-title":"Ecological and individual level analysis of risk factors for HIV infection in four urban populations in sub-Saharan Africa with different levels of HIV infection","volume":"15","author":"B Auvert","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108004-00004","article-title":"Male circumcision and HIV infection in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"15","author":"B Auvert","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"285","article-title":"Poverty, risky sexual behaviour, and vulnerability to HIV infection: evidence from South Africa","volume":"20","author":"R Booysen Fle","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1086\/425270","article-title":"Patterns of movement and risk of HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"191","author":"MP Coffee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.02.003","article-title":"Transactional sex among women in Soweto, South Africa: prevalence, risk factors and association with HIV infection","volume":"59","author":"KL Dunkle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000139075.13906.2f","article-title":"Factors affecting HIV concordancy in married couples in four African cities","volume":"18","author":"EE Freeman","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108004-00006","article-title":"Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? A study in Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia","volume":"15","author":"JR Glynn","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462011917009","article-title":"A rural HIV epidemic in Zimbabwe? Findings from a population-based survey","volume":"12","author":"S Gregson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08780-9","article-title":"Sexual mixing patterns and sex-differentials in teenage exposure to HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"359","author":"S Gregson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108004-00007","article-title":"Commercial sex and the spread of HIV in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"15","author":"L Morison","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199509050-00013","article-title":"Migration and HIV-1 seroprevalence in a rural Ugandan population","volume":"9","author":"AJ Nunn","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"609","article-title":"Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries","volume":"81","author":"V Patel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.005413","article-title":"The sexual health of pupils in years 4 to 6 of primary schools in rural Tanzania","volume":"80","author":"J Todd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16098-4","article-title":"Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa","volume":"363","author":"KL Dunkle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00012-6","article-title":"Gender inequalities, intimate partner violence and HIV preventive practices: findings of a South African cross-sectional study","volume":"56","author":"RK Jewkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10134.x","article-title":"The Shona Symptom Questionnaire: the development of an indigenous measure of common mental disorders in Harare","volume":"95","author":"V Patel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Guide to monitoring and evaluation of the national response for children orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV\/AIDS","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74977","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074977","article-title":"\u2018How Poor Are You?\u2019\u2014A Comparison of Four Questionnaire Delivery Modes for Assessing Socio-Economic Position in Rural Zimbabwe","volume":"8","author":"SJS Pascoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"Central Statistical Office (CSO) [Zimbabwe] and Macro International Inc. (2007) Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2005\u201306. Calverton, Maryland: CSO and Macro International Inc. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR186\/FR186.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR186\/FR186.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"The State of the World\u2019s Children 2004: Girls, education and development","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) Serologic assays for human immunodeficiency virus antibody in dried blood specimens collected on filter paper."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.02.006","article-title":"Clinical correlates of index values in the focus HerpeSelect ELISA for antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)","volume":"36","author":"R Ashley Morrow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"Auerbach JD, Hayes R, Kandathil SM (2006) Overview of effective and promising interventions to prevent HIV infection. UNAIDS Interagency Task Team on Young People Preventing HIV\/AIDS in young people: a systematic review of the evidence from developing countries pp. 42\u201378."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.036053","article-title":"Sexual behaviour change in countries with generalised HIV epidemics? Evidence from population-based cohort studies in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"85","author":"S Gregson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Baseline data from the Regai Dzive Shiri Project: a community randomised trial of an adolescent reproductive health trial in rural Zimbabwe","author":"F Cowan","year":"2005"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref66","first-page":"43","article-title":"Consistency in the reporting of sexual behaviour by adolescent girls in Kenya: a comparison of interviewing methods","volume":"80","author":"PC Hewett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2003.0017","article-title":"The reporting of sensitive behavior by adolescents: a methodological experiment in Kenya","volume":"40","author":"BS Mensch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"The Zimbabwe Young Adult Survey (YAS) 2001\u20132002","year":"2004"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref69","first-page":"49","article-title":"\u201cA bit more truthful\u201d: the validity of adolescent sexual behaviour data collected in rural northern Tanzania using five methods","volume":"80","author":"ML Plummer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"The many faces of displacement","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Food insecurity is a barrier to service uptake in the PMTCT cascade in Zimbabwe","author":"S McCoy","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref72","unstructured":"World Food Programme (2013) Hunger Looms as Zimbabwe faces highest levels of food insecurity in years. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.wfp.org\/news\/news-release\/hunger-looms-zimbabwe-faces-highest-levels-food-insecurity-years\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.wfp.org\/news\/news-release\/hunger-looms-zimbabwe-faces-highest-levels-food-insecurity-years<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2014 Oct 16."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2307\/25549733","article-title":"Is poverty a driver for risky sexual behaviour? Evidence from national surveys of adolescents in four African countries","volume":"11","author":"N Madise","year":"2007","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000244205.03382.84","article-title":"Economic causes and effects of AIDS in South African households","volume":"20","author":"MO Bachmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000300533.59483.95","article-title":"The socioeconomic determinants of HIV incidence: evidence from a longitudinal, population-based study in rural South Africa","volume":"21","author":"T Barnighausen","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01475.x","article-title":"Changing association between schooling levels and HIV-1 infection over 11 years in a rural population cohort in south-west Uganda","volume":"10","author":"D de Walque","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01168.x","article-title":"Does increased general schooling protect against HIV infection? A study in four African cities","volume":"9","author":"JR Glynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.053827","article-title":"The association between school attendance, HIV infection and sexual behaviour among young people in rural South Africa","volume":"62","author":"JR Hargreaves","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"AIDS, poverty and hunger: challenges and responses","author":"S Gillespie","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"97","article-title":"An enduring or dying peasantry? Interactive impact of famine and HIV\/AIDS in rural Malawi","author":"DF Bryceson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61709-1","article-title":"Effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in Malawi: a cluster randomised trial","volume":"379","author":"SG Baird","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001203","article-title":"Is food insecurity associated with HIV risk? Cross-sectional evidence from sexually active women in Brazil","volume":"9","author":"AC Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS, nutrition and food security: what we can do","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref84","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2008) HIV, food security, and nutrition. Policy Brief Expanded version May 2008. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/media\/unaids\/contentassets\/dataimport\/pub\/manual\/2008\/jc1565_policy_brief_nutrition_long_en.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/media\/unaids\/contentassets\/dataimport\/pub\/manual\/2008\/jc1565_policy_brief_nutrition_long_en.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834cad37","article-title":"Food insecurity is associated with morbidity and patterns of healthcare utilization among HIV-infected individuals in a resource-poor setting","volume":"26","author":"SD Weiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61755-3","article-title":"Ten myths and one truth about generalised HIV epidemics","volume":"370","author":"JD Shelton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref87","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2005) Evidence for HIV decline in Zimbabwe: a comprehensive review of the epidemiological data. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/Publications\/IRC-pub06\/zimbabwe_epi_report_nov05_en.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/Publications\/IRC-pub06\/zimbabwe_epi_report_nov05_en.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69744-4","article-title":"Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial","volume":"368","author":"PM Pronyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.095521","article-title":"Understanding the impact of a microfinance-based intervention on women\u2019s empowerment and the reduction of intimate partner violence in South Africa","volume":"97","author":"JC Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328307a040","article-title":"A combined microfinance and training intervention can reduce HIV risk behaviour in young female participants","volume":"22","author":"PM Pronyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref91","unstructured":"International Planned Parenthood Foundation (IPPF), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and Young Positives (2007) Change, choice and power: Young women, livelihoods and HIV prevention. Literature review and case study analysis. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resource-pdf\/change.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resource-pdf\/change.pdf<\/ext-link>"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0115290","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T20:53:51Z","timestamp":1540241631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0115290"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Robert J","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0115290","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]]}}}