{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:22:48Z","timestamp":1767626568330},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419897600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T18:58:25Z","timestamp":1419965905000},"page":"e116220","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Self-Efficacy Beliefs Are Associated with Visual Height Intolerance: A Cross-Sectional Survey"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Grill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Sch\u00e4ffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Huppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Kapfhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488009127169","article-title":"The mechanism of physiological height vertigo. I. Theoretical approach and psychophysics","volume":"89","author":"T Brandt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6685-1","article-title":"Down on heights? One in three has visual height intolerance","volume":"260","author":"D Huppert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1993) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders - Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: WHO."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-V. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-007-0291-z","article-title":"Specific fears and phobias in the general population: results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)","volume":"43","author":"MF Depla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapfhammer HP, Huppert D, Grill E, Fitz W, Brandt T (2014) Visual height intolerance and acrophobia: clinical characteristics and comorbidity patterns. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(15)30424-7"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20655","article-title":"Specific phobia: a review of DSM-IV specific phobia and preliminary recommendations for DSM-V","volume":"27","author":"RT LeBeau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2008.00602.x","article-title":"Prevalence of dental fear and phobia relative to other fear and phobia subtypes","volume":"117","author":"FM Oosterink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6238-z","article-title":"Height intolerance: an underrated threat","volume":"259","author":"T Brandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaeffler F, Mueller M, Huppert D, Brandt T, Tiffe T, <etal>et al<\/etal>.<bold>.<\/bold> (2013) Consequences of visual height intolerance for quality of life: a qualitative study. Qual Life Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0506-6"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)P4443-X","article-title":"Danger expectancies and insight in acrophobia","volume":"33","author":"RG Menzies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.12.002","article-title":"Imagery and fear influence height perception","volume":"23","author":"EM Clerkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"221","article-title":"Postural sway of patients with vestibular disorders during optic flow","volume":"4","author":"MS Redfern","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(00)00043-8","article-title":"Visual influences on balance","volume":"15","author":"MS Redfern","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(95)00021-F","article-title":"Optic flow induced sway in anxiety disorders associated with space and motion discomfort","volume":"9","author":"RG Jacob","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Menzies R (1997) Height Phobia. In: G. C. L Davey, editor editors. Phobias-A Handbook of Theory, Research and Treatment. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley. 139\u2013151."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.11.1136","article-title":"Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear","volume":"61","author":"KJ Ressler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"209","article-title":"Height-induced vertigo and its medical interpretation: Goethe and the Strassburger Munster","volume":"130","author":"C Jagella","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(69)90047-3","article-title":"Treatment of acrophobia with contact desensitization","volume":"7","author":"B Ritter","year":"1969","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(73)90071-5","article-title":"Self-directed desensitization for acrophobia","volume":"11","author":"BL Baker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marks JM, Gelder MG (1967) Controlled trials in behaviour therapy. In: R Porter, editor editors. The role of learning in psychotherapy. London.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470719664.ch5"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.01.014","article-title":"The use of virtual reality in acrophobia research and treatment","volume":"23","author":"CM Coelho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change","volume":"84","author":"A Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/10615808808248222","article-title":"Self-efficacy conception of anxiety","volume":"1","author":"A Bandura","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anxiety Research"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2013.09.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of change in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: the unique effects of self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity","volume":"51","author":"MW Gallagher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(85)80041-1","article-title":"Perceived danger and perceived self-efficacy as cognitive determinants of acrophobic behavior","volume":"16","author":"SL Williams","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(83)80075-6","article-title":"The role of expectancy in fear reduction","volume":"14","author":"I Kirsch","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.45.2.464","article-title":"Self-efficacy determinants of anticipated fears and calamities","volume":"45","author":"A Bandura","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830020077009","article-title":"Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"53","author":"WJ Magee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Jerusalem M, Schwarzer R (1981) Selbstwirksamkeit. Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institut fuer Psychologie. 15\u201318 p."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M (1999) Skalen zur Erfassung von Lehrer- und Schuelermerkmalen. Dokumentation der psychometrischen Verfahren im Rahmen der Wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellversuchs Selbstwirksame Schulen. Berlin: Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin."},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M (1995) Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In: J Weinman, S Wright and M. e Johnston, editors. Measures in health psychology: A user\u2019s portfolio Causal and control beliefs. Windsor: UK: NFER-NELSON. 35\u201337."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.52.1.26","article-title":"Bevoelkerungsrepr\u00e4sentative Normierung der Skala zur Allgemeinen Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung","volume":"52","author":"A Hinz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","article-title":"A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity","volume":"34","author":"J Ware","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.139.5.439-457","article-title":"The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies","volume":"139","author":"A Luszczynska","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp334","article-title":"Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider","volume":"39","author":"SR Cole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00008","article-title":"Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research","volume":"10","author":"S Greenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearl J (2009) Causality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803161"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c307ce","article-title":"DAG program: identifying minimal sufficient adjustment sets","volume":"21","author":"S Knueppel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-70","article-title":"Reducing bias through directed acyclic graphs","volume":"8","author":"I Shrier","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318225c2be","article-title":"DAGitty: a graphical tool for analyzing causal diagrams","volume":"22","author":"J Textor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00344-X","article-title":"Pain self-efficacy beliefs and pain behaviour. A prospective study","volume":"94","author":"A Asghari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)10004-3","article-title":"Height phobia and biases in the interpretation of bodily sensations: some links between acrophobia and agoraphobia","volume":"35","author":"GC Davey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2000.10608908","article-title":"The relation of self-efficacy measures to sport performance: a meta-analytic review","volume":"71","author":"SE Moritz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.012","article-title":"Directed acyclic graphs helped to identify confounding in the association of disability and electrocardiographic findings: results from the KORA-Age study","volume":"67","author":"N Roehrig","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws213","article-title":"Invited commentary: structural equation models and epidemiologic analysis","volume":"176","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20698","article-title":"Deconstructing acrophobia: physiological and psychological precursors to developing a fear of heights","volume":"27","author":"CM Coelho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.07.009","article-title":"Does habituation matter? Emotional processing theory and exposure therapy for acrophobia","volume":"48","author":"A Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.136432","article-title":"Space and motion discomfort and abnormal balance control in patients with anxiety disorders","volume":"80","author":"RG Jacob","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00965035","article-title":"Discomfort with space and motion: A possible marker of vestibular dysfunction assessed by the Situational Characteristics Questionnaire","volume":"15","author":"RG Jacob","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0116220","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T06:00:46Z","timestamp":1717653646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0116220"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kavushansky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0116220","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]]}}}