{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:26:16Z","timestamp":1793193976476,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]],"date-time":"2015-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]],"date-time":"2015-02-12T18:42:02Z","timestamp":1423766522000},"page":"e0117532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Facing Off with Unfair Others: Introducing Proxemic Imaging as an Implicit Measure of Approach and Avoidance during Social Interaction"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Cade","family":"McCall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00014-5","article-title":"Brain responses to the acquired moral status of faces","volume":"41","author":"T Singer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04271","article-title":"Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others","volume":"439","author":"T Singer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165565","article-title":"In bad taste: Evidence for the oral origins of moral disgust","volume":"323","author":"HA Chapman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1996.0100","article-title":"Unfairness, anger, and spite: Emotional rejections of ultimatum offers","volume":"68","author":"MM Pillutla","year":"1996","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/415137a","article-title":"Altruistic punishment in humans","volume":"415","author":"E Fehr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.02.007","article-title":"Social norms and human cooperation","volume":"8","author":"E Fehr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends in cognitive sciences"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehr E, Schmidt KM (1999) A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. Quarterly journal of Economics: 817\u2013868.","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556151"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60327-5","article-title":"The role of self-interest in social and political attitudes","volume":"24","author":"DO Sears","year":"1991","journal-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0630443100","article-title":"The evolution of altruistic punishment","volume":"100","author":"R Boyd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosmides L, Tooby J (1992) Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. The adapted mind: 163\u2013228.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195060232.003.0004"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1963.65.5.02a00020","article-title":"A system for the notation of proxemic behavior","volume":"65","author":"ET Hall","year":"1963","journal-title":"American anthropologist"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Bodily communication","author":"M Argyle","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00706.x","article-title":"Toward a theory of personal space expectations and their violations","volume":"2","author":"JK Burgoon","year":"1976","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027349","article-title":"Significance of posture and position in the communication of attitude and status relationships","volume":"71","author":"A Mehrabian","year":"1969","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026384","article-title":"Relationship of attitude to seated posture, orientation, and distance","volume":"10","author":"A Mehrabian","year":"1968","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1976.9923372","article-title":"Race and sex as stimuli for negative affect and physical avoidance","volume":"98","author":"M Hendricks","year":"1976","journal-title":"The Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(74)90059-6","article-title":"The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction","volume":"10","author":"CO Word","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of experimental social psychology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2008.03.003","article-title":"Virtual prejudice","volume":"44","author":"R Dotsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of experimental social psychology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/15534510802517418","article-title":"Proxemic behaviors as predictors of aggression towards Black (but not White) males in an immersive virtual environment","volume":"4","author":"C McCall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Influence"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1997.1331","article-title":"On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes","volume":"33","author":"JF Dovidio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of experimental social psychology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2000.18.4.329","article-title":"Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people: Evaluation versus stereotype activation","volume":"18","author":"GR Bessenoff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Social Cognition"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.032","article-title":"Implicit and explicit processes in social cognition","volume":"60","author":"CD Frith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2011.07.001","article-title":"Mere presence is not enough: Responsive support in a virtual world","volume":"48","author":"HS Kane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of experimental social psychology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013965","article-title":"Anger is an approach-related affect: evidence and implications","volume":"135","author":"CS Carver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.4.602","article-title":"Intergroup emotions: explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context","volume":"79","author":"DM Mackie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/00207596808247233","article-title":"Intimacy ratings in five countries","volume":"3","author":"R Sommer","year":"1968","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034456","article-title":"Proxemic effects on cooperation, attitude, and approach-avoidance in a Prisoner's Dilemma game","volume":"27","author":"H Gardin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203029007002","article-title":"Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments","volume":"29","author":"JN Bailenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.18.5.361","article-title":"Leveraging Collaborative Virtual Environment Technology for Inter-Population Research on Persuasion in a Classroom Setting","volume":"18","author":"C McCall","year":"2009","journal-title":"PRESENCE: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"The hidden dimension","author":"ET Hall","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.08.003","article-title":"Validating cluster size inference: random field and permutation methods","volume":"20","author":"S Hayasaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199601000-00002","article-title":"Nonparametric analysis of statistic images from functional mapping experiments","volume":"16","author":"AP Holmes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603321640932","article-title":"Social inhibition in immersive virtual environments","volume":"12","author":"CL Hoyt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1145\/1190036.1190041","article-title":"Personal space in virtual reality","volume":"3","author":"LM Wilcox","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virtual humans and persuasion: The effects of agency and behavioral realism","volume":"10","author":"RE Guadagno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.07.017","article-title":"From gaze cueing to dual eye-tracking: Novel approaches to investigate the neural correlates of gaze in social interaction","volume":"37","author":"UJ Pfeiffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000039","article-title":"A virtual reprise of the Stanley Milgram obedience experiments","volume":"1","author":"M Slater","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12000660","article-title":"Toward a second-person neuroscience","volume":"36","author":"L Schilbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.06.009","article-title":"Can social interaction constitute social cognition?","volume":"14","author":"H De Jaegher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in cognitive sciences"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3726","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407486111","article-title":"The human dynamic clamp as a paradigm for social interaction","volume":"111","author":"G Dumas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.94.2.293","article-title":"Personal space: Where we now stand","volume":"94","author":"LA Hayduk","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.04.004","article-title":"Is eye to eye contact really threatening and avoided in social anxiety?\u2014An eye-tracking and psychophysiology study","volume":"23","author":"MJ Wieser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of anxiety disorders"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117532","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T05:27:14Z","timestamp":1717738034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117532"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sonja","family":"Kotz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117532","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]]}}}