{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:26:05Z","timestamp":1789097165304,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]],"date-time":"2015-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]],"date-time":"2015-02-12T18:44:18Z","timestamp":1423766658000},"page":"e0117729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effects of Optically Imposed Astigmatism on Early Eye Growth in Chicks"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chin Hung Geoffrey","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chea Su","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis","volume":"90","author":"SA Read","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.1.38","article-title":"Complex trait genetics of refractive error","volume":"125","author":"TL Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"135","article-title":"Astigmatism","author":"MJ Cox","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.020","article-title":"Astigmatism and its role in emmetropization","volume":"114","author":"CS Kee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1985","article-title":"Association between anisometropia, amblyopia, and reduced stereoacuity in a school-aged population with a high prevalence of astigmatism","volume":"49","author":"V Dobson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90042-2","article-title":"Infant astigmatism and meridional amblyopia","volume":"25","author":"JE Gwiazda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2003.00022.x","article-title":"Astigmatic axis and amblyopia in childhood","volume":"81","author":"M Abrahamsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1126\/science.694539","article-title":"Astigmatism in infants","volume":"202","author":"I Mohindra","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34788-0","article-title":"The relation of myopia and astigmatism in developing eyes","volume":"89","author":"AB Fulton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00228-E","article-title":"Reduction of infant myopia: A longitudinal cycloplegic study","volume":"35","author":"DL Ehrlich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(97)80020-X","article-title":"Association between total astigmatism and myopia","volume":"23","author":"SB Kaye","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1126\/science.694540","article-title":"Infant astigmatism measured by photorefraction","volume":"202","author":"HC Howland","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6061","article-title":"Prevalence of corneal astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Native American children 6 months to 8 years of age","volume":"52","author":"EM Harvey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000214333.84822.71","article-title":"Prevalence of high astigmatism, eyeglass wear, and poor visual acuity among Native American grade school children","volume":"83","author":"EM Harvey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1076\/0928-6586(200009)731-VFT187","article-title":"Astigmatism and amblyopia among Native American children (AANAC): Design and methods","volume":"7","author":"JM Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00014-2","article-title":"Amblyopia in astigmatic preschool children","volume":"43","author":"V Dobson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1966.hed0603147.x","article-title":"Asthenopia caused by "against-the-rule" astigmatism","volume":"6","author":"RK Lansche","year":"1966","journal-title":"Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30004-9","article-title":"Optic disc shape, corneal astigmatism, and amblyopia","volume":"104","author":"JB Jonas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01339-9","article-title":"Population prevalence of tilted optic disks and the relationship of this sign to refractive error","volume":"133","author":"J Vongphanit","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200207000-00005","article-title":"Topographical analysis of corneal astigmatism in patients with tilted-disc syndrome","volume":"21","author":"B Bozkurt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.045328","article-title":"Retinal dysfunction and refractive errors: An electrophysiological study of children","volume":"89","author":"DI Flitcroft","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1232","article-title":"Genes and environment in refractive error: The twin eye study","volume":"42","author":"CJ Hammond","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1086\/302014","article-title":"Inheritance of astigmatism: Evidence for a major autosomal dominant locus","volume":"63","author":"M Clementi","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Preliminary navajo optometric study","volume":"43","author":"JE Abraham","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0730","article-title":"The pattern of astigmatism in a Canadian preschool population","volume":"44","author":"L Cowen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210201200101","article-title":"Prevalence of astigmatism among students in northern Greece","volume":"12","author":"AT Mandalos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200402000-00007","article-title":"The prevalence of astigmatism in Taiwan schoolchildren","volume":"81","author":"YF Shih","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optometry & Vision Science"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20001101-09","article-title":"Astigmatism in infancy and childhood","volume":"37","author":"R Mont\u00e9s-Mic\u00f3","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.030338","article-title":"Astigmatism in Chinese preschool children: Prevalence, change, and effect on refractive development","volume":"88","author":"SP Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197206000-00010","article-title":"Corneal astigmatism in Amerind children","volume":"49","author":"WM Lyle","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1981.tb00388.x","article-title":"Age\u2010Dependence of Human refractive errors","volume":"1","author":"H Saunders","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1986.tb06959.x","article-title":"Changes in refraction and corneal curvature during growth and adult life. A cross-sectional study","volume":"64","author":"HC Fledelius","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318031b6ac","article-title":"Spherical equivalent refractive error in preschool children from a population with a high prevalence of astigmatism","volume":"84","author":"V Dobson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00455.x","article-title":"Refractive error changes in mixed astigmatism","volume":"19","author":"DA Goss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.008","article-title":"Homeostasis of eye growth and the question of myopia","volume":"43","author":"J Wallman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6479","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9822","article-title":"The effect of simultaneous negative and positive defocus on eye growth and development of refractive state in marmosets","volume":"53","author":"A Benavente-Perez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0895-761","article-title":"Spectacle lenses alter eye growth and the refractive status of young monkeys","volume":"1","author":"LF Hung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1369","article-title":"Effectiveness of hyperopic defocus, minimal defocus, or myopic defocus in competition with a myopiagenic stimulus in tree shrew eyes","volume":"47","author":"TT Norton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"160","article-title":"Optical causes of experimental myopia","volume":"155","author":"JG Sivak","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ciba Found Symp"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4829","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1273","article-title":"Eyes of a lower vertebrate are susceptible to the visual environment","volume":"48","author":"W Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1126\/science.694514","article-title":"Extreme myopia produced by modest change in early visual experience","volume":"29","author":"J Wallman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"2043","article-title":"Form deprivation myopia in mature common marmosets (Callithrix Jacchus)","volume":"41","author":"D Troilo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"1236","article-title":"Observations on the effects of form deprivation on the refractive status of the monkey","volume":"28","author":"IEL Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"2245","article-title":"Refractive and structural measures of lid-suture myopia in tree shrew","volume":"30","author":"WL Marsh-Tootle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1992.tb00315.x","article-title":"Refractive plasticity of the developing chick eye","volume":"12","author":"EL Irving","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340701470003","article-title":"In chicks wearing high powered negative lenses, spherical refraction is compensated and oblique astigmatism is induced","volume":"55","author":"M Kisilak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Modern Optics"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199806000-00023","article-title":"Spectacle lenses and emmetropization: The role of optical defocus in regulating ocular development","volume":"75","author":"IEL Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Optometry & Vision Science"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00235-E","article-title":"Inducing ametropias in hatchling chicks by defocus\u2014Aperture effects and cylindrical lenses","volume":"35","author":"EL Irving","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0282","article-title":"Natural and imposed astigmatism and their relation to emmetropization in the chick","volume":"64","author":"KL Schmid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00209-1","article-title":"Developmental compensation of imposed astigmatism is not initiated by astigmatic accommodation in chickens","volume":"40","author":"S Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"S687","article-title":"Effect of experimentally stimulated astigmatism on eye growth and refractive development in chicks","volume":"37","author":"FH Laskowski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Phillips J, Collins A (2000) Reponse of the chick eye to simple hyperopic astigmatic defocus. In: Proceedings of the VIII international conference on Myopia (pp 162\u2013165) Boston, MA: 162\u2013165."},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"S58","article-title":"Astigmatic deprivation of chicks produces myopia, but not astigmatism","volume":"42","author":"LN Thibos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (ARVO Suppl.)"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.01-0670","article-title":"Severe astigmatic blur does not interfere with spectacle lens compensation","volume":"44","author":"RC McLean","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"336","article-title":"Cylindrical spectacle lenses alter emmetropization and produce astigmatism in young monkeys","author":"IEL Smith","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0841","article-title":"Effects of optically imposed astigmatism on emmetropization in infant monkeys","volume":"45","author":"CS Kee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"S546","article-title":"Astigmatism is associated with the development of axial hyperopia in young monkeys","volume":"38","author":"J Huang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00019","article-title":"Power vectors: An application of fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error","volume":"74","author":"LN Thibos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199504000-00008","article-title":"Spherocylindrical refractive errors and visual acuity","volume":"72","author":"TW Raasch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Optometry & Vision Science"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199105000-00007","article-title":"Inducing myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism in chicks","volume":"68","author":"EL Irving","year":"1991","journal-title":"Optometry and vision science"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90027-7","article-title":"Developmental aspects of experimental myopia in chicks: Susceptibility, recovery and relation to emmetropization","volume":"27","author":"J Wallman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.12.011","article-title":"Effects of hemiretinal form deprivation on central refractive development and posterior eye shape in chicks","volume":"55","author":"CH Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.13172\/2052-7853-1-2-1006","article-title":"Comparison of the beneficial and adverse effects of inhaled and injectable anaesthetics: A mini-review","volume":"1","author":"KS Furtado","year":"2013","journal-title":"OA Anaesthetics"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200411000-00012","article-title":"Isoflurane alters the amount of dopamine transporter expressed on the plasma membrane in humans","volume":"101","author":"JR Votaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ICL.0000140921.39111.47","article-title":"Conductive keratoplasty and the coupling phenomenon","volume":"31","author":"JA Sokol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1370","article-title":"Astigmatism associated with experimentally induced myopia or hyperopia in chickens","volume":"49","author":"CS Kee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1167\/8.17.48","article-title":"Diurnal rhythms of refractive error components in normal chick","volume":"8","author":"MC Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-005-0077-2","article-title":"The phase relationships between the diurnal rhythms in axial length and choroidal thickness and the association with ocular growth rate in chicks","volume":"192","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"4295","article-title":"Chick eyes show A diurnal rhythm in refractive error","volume":"45","author":"CA Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.03.002","article-title":"Bi-directional corneal accommodation in alert chicks with experimentally induced astigmatism","volume":"98","author":"CH Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90169-4","article-title":"Longitudinal chromatic aberration of the vertebrate eye","volume":"23","author":"T Mandelman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00222785","article-title":"Chick eye optics: Zero to fourteen days","volume":"179","author":"EL Irving","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-010-0562-0","article-title":"A detailed paraxial schematic eye for the white leghorn chick","volume":"196","author":"N Avila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"System of ophthalmology: Ophthalmic optics and refraction; by Sir Stewart Duke-Elder and David Abrams","author":"SS Duke-Elder","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00798-7","article-title":"Astigmatism analysis by the Alpins method","volume":"27","author":"N Alpins","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(13)80617-7","article-title":"A new method of analyzing vectors for changes in astigmatism","volume":"19","author":"N Alpins","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Circular statistics in biology","author":"E Batschelet","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"Circular statistical methods: Applications in spatial and temporal performance analysis","volume":"16","author":"RP Mahan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circular Statistic Al Methods: Applications in Spatial and Temporal Performance Analysis"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4831-9951-1.50006-1","article-title":"Problems in corneal morphogenesis","volume":"4","author":"AJ Coulombre","year":"1964","journal-title":"Adv Morphog"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.50.3.840","article-title":"Morphogenesis of the collagenous stroma in the chick cornea","volume":"50","author":"RL Trelstad","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"889","article-title":"The anatomy of the ciliary region of the chicken eye","volume":"36","author":"CJ Murphy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2307\/2422424","article-title":"A comparative study of the eyes of some falconiform and passeriform birds","author":"RD Lord Jr","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am Midl Nat"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/105.1.29","article-title":"The scleral ossicles of opisthocomus and their phylogenetic significance","author":"K de Queiroz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation","author":"GL Walls","year":"1942"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90112-0","article-title":"The mechanism of corneal accommodation in chicks","volume":"34","author":"A Glasser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200101010-00013","article-title":"Comparison of refractive state and circumferential morphology of retina, choroid, and sclera in chick models of experimentally induced ametropia","volume":"78","author":"JA Beresford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14277","article-title":"Retinal topography of myopic eyes: A spectral-domain optical coherence tomography study","volume":"55","author":"IK Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00233-C","article-title":"Choroidal and scleral mechanisms of compensation for spectacle lenses in chicks","volume":"35","author":"CF Wildsoet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"40","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000159368.31481.DE","article-title":"Temporal integration characteristics of the axial and choroidal responses to myopic defocus induced by prior form deprivation versus positive spectacle lens wear in chickens","volume":"82","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)E0049-Q","article-title":"Moving the retina: Choroidal modulation of refractive state","volume":"35","author":"J Wallman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2013.07.006","article-title":"Ocular residual astigmatism and topographic disparity vector indexes in normal healthy eyes","volume":"37","author":"DP Pi\u00f1ero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.04.004","article-title":"Contribution of the gradient refractive index and shape to the crystalline lens spherical aberration and astigmatism","volume":"86","author":"J Birkenfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref93","article-title":"Duke-elder's practice of refraction","author":"S Duke-Elder","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(02)01424-4","article-title":"Lenticular astigmatism in tilted disc syndrome","volume":"28","author":"A G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"Ch.2. exploring the image","author":"HO Nalbach","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2004.00528.x","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of cells in the ganglion cell layer of the chick retina: Developmental changes in cell density and cell size","volume":"33","author":"Y Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.62.53","article-title":"Regional specialization of ganglion cell layer of the chick retina","volume":"62","author":"YX Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800002327","article-title":"Developing eyes that lack accommodation grow to compensate for imposed defocus","volume":"4","author":"F Schaeffel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"99","article-title":"Experimental myopia and anomalous eye growth patterns unaffected by optic nerve section in chickens: Evidence for local control of eye growth","volume":"3","author":"CF Wildsoet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2002.00514.x","article-title":"Effects of optical defocus and spatial contrast on anterior chamber depth in chicks","volume":"30","author":"A Barutchu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.02.023","article-title":"Bullwhip neurons in the retina regulate the size and shape of the eye","volume":"317","author":"AJ Fischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2009.01.009","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes in the retinopathy, globe enlarged (rge) chick cornea","volume":"166","author":"C Boote","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Struct Biol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117729","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T15:16:05Z","timestamp":1651245365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117729"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"J. Fielding","family":"Hejtmancik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117729","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]]}}}