{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:14:16Z","timestamp":1791472456737,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,30]],"date-time":"2015-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]],"date-time":"2015-03-31T11:29:17Z","timestamp":1427801357000},"page":"e0120195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Human Gastroenteropancreatic Expression of Melatonin and Its Receptors MT1 and MT2"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fanny","family":"S\u00f6derquist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per M.","family":"Hellstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet L.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.01.004","article-title":"Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: distribution and functions","volume":"351","author":"RM Slominski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00523.x","article-title":"Function and expression of melatonin receptors on human pancreatic islets","volume":"44","author":"RD Ramracheya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.288","article-title":"Common variant in MTNR1B associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and impaired early insulin secretion","volume":"41","author":"V Lyssenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2010.00848.x","article-title":"Melatonin stimulates glucagon secretion in vitro and in vivo","volume":"50","author":"I Bahr","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12075","article-title":"The role of melatonin in the cells of the innate immunity: a review","volume":"55","author":"JR Calvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00960.x","article-title":"Melatonin enhances endogenous heme oxygenase-1 and represses immune responses to ameliorate experimental murine membranous nephropathy","volume":"52","author":"CC Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00916.x","article-title":"Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: a physicochemical examination","volume":"51","author":"A Galano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12010","article-title":"On the free radical scavenging activities of melatonin's metabolites, AFMK and AMK","volume":"54","author":"A Galano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12146","article-title":"Melatonin and its metabolites ameliorate ultraviolet B-induced damage in human epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"57","author":"Z Janjetovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17705","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151017705","article-title":"Local melatoninergic system as the protector of skin integrity","volume":"15","author":"AT Slominski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2009.00739.x","article-title":"The inhibition of apoptosis by melatonin in VSC4.1 motoneurons exposed to oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, or TNF-alpha toxicity involves membrane melatonin receptors","volume":"48","author":"A Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.12.082","article-title":"Melatonin as a potential tool against oxidative damage and apoptosis in ejaculated human spermatozoa","volume":"94","author":"J Espino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-010-9230-0","article-title":"Melatonin reduces apoptosis induced by calcium signaling in human leukocytes: Evidence for the involvement of mitochondria and Bax activation","volume":"233","author":"J Espino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Membr Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00641.x","article-title":"Melatonin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line","volume":"45","author":"J Martin-Renedo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00645.x","article-title":"Evidence for a biphasic apoptotic pathway induced by melatonin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells","volume":"46","author":"A Cucina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.808652","article-title":"Antepartum depression severity is increased during seasonally longer nights: relationship to melatonin and cortisol timing and quantity","volume":"30","author":"CJ Meliska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12060","article-title":"Melatonin overcomes apoptosis resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting survivin and XIAP","volume":"55","author":"L Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref18","first-page":"33","article-title":"Thirty four years since the discovery of gastrointestinal melatonin","volume":"59","author":"GA Bubenik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"107","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pe39","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.2001.107.pe39","article-title":"Melatonin receptor signaling: finding the path through the dark","volume":"2001","author":"MI Masana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci STKE"},{"issue":"46","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)61934-4","article-title":"Pineal gland hormone melatonin binds and activates an orphan of the nuclear receptor superfamily","volume":"269","author":"M Becker-Andre","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002821427018","article-title":"Nuclear melatonin receptors","volume":"66","author":"AN Smirnov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Mosc)"},{"issue":"40","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31311","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005141200","article-title":"Identification of the melatonin-binding site MT3 as the quinone reductase 2","volume":"275","author":"O Nosjean","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:27:2:101","article-title":"Functional MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in mammals","volume":"27","author":"ML Dubocovich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.08.016","article-title":"The expression of MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor mRNA in several rat tissues","volume":"76","author":"P Sallinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2006.00355.x","article-title":"Heterogeneous expression of melatonin receptor MT1 mRNA in the rat intestine under control and fasting conditions","volume":"41","author":"M Sotak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2008.03.004","article-title":"Immunohistochemical definition of MT(2) receptors and melatonin in the gastrointestinal tissues of rat","volume":"112","author":"K Stebelova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref27","first-page":"531","article-title":"Decreased expression of the melatonin receptor 1 in human colorectal adenocarcinomas","volume":"25","author":"C Nemeth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1034","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00500.2002","article-title":"Melatonin-induced calcium signaling in clusters of human and rat duodenal enterocytes","volume":"284","author":"M Sjoblom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"ref29","first-page":"97","article-title":"Melatonin and serotonin effects on gastrointestinal motility","volume":"58","author":"PJ Thor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref30","first-page":"381","article-title":"Localization and biological activities of melatonin in intact and diseased gastrointestinal tract (GIT)","volume":"58","author":"SJ Konturek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb56826.x","article-title":"Melatonin synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract and the impact of nutritional factors on circulating melatonin","volume":"719","author":"G Huether","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079x.2000.280102.x","article-title":"Circadian variation of portal, arterial and venous blood levels of melatonin in pigs and its relationship to food intake and sleep","volume":"28","author":"GA Bubenik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb00445.x","article-title":"Short-term fasting inhibits the nocturnal melatonin secretion in healthy man","volume":"30","author":"S Rojdmark","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1992.tb00020.x","article-title":"The effect of food deprivation on brain and gastrointestinal tissue levels of tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and melatonin","volume":"12","author":"GA Bubenik","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2003.00044.x","article-title":"Melatonin in the duodenal lumen is a potent stimulant of mucosal bicarbonate secretion","volume":"34","author":"M Sjoblom","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.2.7311","article-title":"Daily melatonin administration to middle-aged male rats suppresses body weight, intraabdominal adiposity, and plasma leptin and insulin independent of food intake and total body fat","volume":"141","author":"T Wolden-Hanson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:16:1:43","article-title":"Preliminary evidence that pharmacologic melatonin treatment decreases rat ghrelin levels","volume":"16","author":"AM Mustonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"Database issue)","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D991","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1193","article-title":"NCBI GEO: archive for functional genomics data sets\u2014update","volume":"41","author":"T Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2008.174","article-title":"Novel markers for enterochromaffin cells and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinomas","volume":"22","author":"J Leja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.07.016","article-title":"FKBP51 affects cancer cell response to chemotherapy by negatively regulating Akt","volume":"16","author":"H Pei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"88","key":"ref41","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Combined gene expression analysis of whole-tissue and microdissected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma identifies genes specifically overexpressed in tumor epithelia","volume":"55","author":"L Badea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/4.2.249","article-title":"Exploration, normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array probe level data","volume":"4","author":"RA Irizarry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.1.31","article-title":"Wong WH Model-based analysis of oligonucleotide arrays: expression index computation and outlier detection","volume":"98","author":"C Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.06.006","article-title":"A systems genetics approach identifies genes and pathways for type 2 diabetes in human islets","volume":"16","author":"J Taneera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.148395","article-title":"Regional variation in gene expression in the healthy colon is dysregulated in ulcerative colitis","volume":"57","author":"CL Noble","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1210-1248","article-title":"Towards a knowledge-based Human Protein Atlas","volume":"28","author":"M Uhlen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.4.5869","article-title":"A novel interaction between inhibitory melatonin receptors and protein kinase C-dependent signal transduction in ovine pars tuberalis cells","volume":"139","author":"AW Ross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.1.5699","article-title":"Mel 1a melatonin receptor expression is regulated by protein kinase C and an additional pathway addressed by the protein kinase C inhibitor Ro 31\u20138220 in ovine pars tuberalis cells","volume":"139","author":"P Barrett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.01.005","article-title":"Biological rhythms and melatonin in mood disorders and their treatments","volume":"138","author":"L Lanfumey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.11.010","article-title":"Serotonin1A-mediated amplification of light-induced phase advances of circadian rhythms in the Syrian hamster: post-light effects","volume":"1250","author":"E Lungwitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Melatonin decreases duodenal epithelial paracellular permeability via a nicotinic receptor-dependent pathway in rats in vivo","author":"A Sommansson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1364-5","article-title":"Melatonin expresses powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities resulting in complete improvement of acetic-acid-induced colitis in rats","volume":"56","author":"G Tahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i23.3602","article-title":"Evaluation of enterochromaffin cells and melatonin secretion exponents in ulcerative colitis","volume":"19","author":"C Chojnacki","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2811-x","article-title":"The effect of melatonin on plasma markers of inflammation and on expression of nuclear factor-kappa beta in acetic acid-induced colitis in the rat","volume":"58","author":"HG Sayyed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1998.tb00395.x","article-title":"Tissue retention and subcellular distribution of continuously infused melatonin in rats under near physiological conditions","volume":"25","author":"M Messner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1159\/000046903","article-title":"Localization, physiological significance and possible clinical implication of gastrointestinal melatonin","volume":"10","author":"GA Bubenik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Signals Recept"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.302.3.1295","article-title":"MT(2) melatonin receptors are present and functional in rat caudal artery","volume":"302","author":"MI Masana","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.07.041","article-title":"Melatonin: a pleiotropic molecule regulating inflammation","volume":"80","author":"F Radogna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2004.00153.x","article-title":"The circadian rhythm of melatonin modulates the severity of caerulein-induced pancreatitis in the rat","volume":"37","author":"J Jaworek","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"ref60","first-page":"65","article-title":"Melatonin as modulator of pancreatic enzyme secretion and pancreatoprotector","volume":"58","author":"J Jaworek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2012.01004.x","article-title":"Phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) is influenced by melatonin treatment in pancreatic rat insulinoma beta-cells (INS-1)","volume":"53","author":"I Bazwinsky-Wutschke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.2710","article-title":"Melatonin secretion and the incidence of type 2 diabetes","volume":"309","author":"CJ McMullan","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1053","article-title":"Rare MTNR1B variants impairing melatonin receptor 1B function contribute to type 2 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"A Bonnefond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0120195","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T01:34:21Z","timestamp":1651628061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0120195"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrzej T","family":"Slominski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,30]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0120195","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,30]]}}}