{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:41:44Z","timestamp":1793212904266,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]],"date-time":"2015-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]],"date-time":"2015-04-15T19:13:08Z","timestamp":1429125188000},"page":"e0122488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes among African Women with Normal Cervical Cytology and Neoplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rebecca Kemunto","family":"Ogembo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philimon Nyakauru","family":"Gona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaina J.","family":"Seymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry Soo-Min","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Bain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Maranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier Gordon","family":"Ogembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Diseases and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa","author":"F Sitas","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21731","article-title":"The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002","volume":"118","author":"DM Parkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"International journal of cancer"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.1.1-17.2003","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"16","author":"EM Burd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021641","article-title":"Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer","volume":"348","author":"N Munoz","year":"2003","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"69","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","author":"A Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA: a cancer journal for clinicians"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050132","article-title":"Coverage of cervical cancer screening in 57 countries: low average levels and large inequalities","volume":"5","author":"E Gakidou","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djt460","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djt460","article-title":"Early Impact of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination on Cervical Neoplasia\u2014Nationwide Follow-up of Young Danish Women","volume":"106","author":"B Baldur-Felskov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.10.085","article-title":"Reduction in HPV 16\/18 prevalence in sexually active young women following the introduction of HPV immunisation in England","volume":"32","author":"D Mesher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis590","article-title":"Fall in human papillomavirus prevalence following a national vaccination program","volume":"206","author":"SN Tabrizi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp078053","article-title":"Introducing HPV vaccine in developing countries,\u00c4\u00eekey challenges and issues","volume":"356","author":"JM Agosti","year":"2007","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa044278","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of cervical-cancer screening in five developing countries","volume":"353","author":"SJ Goldie","year":"2005","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.06.064","article-title":"Achieving High Uptake of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Cameroon: Lessons learned in overcoming challenges","volume":"32","author":"JG Ogembo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090912","article-title":"Knowledge and Awareness of HPV Vaccine and Acceptability to Vaccinate in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"S Perlman","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1086\/657321","article-title":"Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: meta-analysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings","volume":"202","author":"L Bruni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70158-5","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"S de Sanjos\u00e9","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.03.047","article-title":"A meta-analysis of human papillomavirus type-distribution in women from South Asia: Implications for vaccination","volume":"26","author":"N Bhatla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25493","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025493","article-title":"Type-specific HPV prevalence in cervical cancer and high-grade lesions in Latin America and the Caribbean: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"A Ciapponi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601024","article-title":"Comparison of HPV type distribution in high-grade cervical lesions and cervical cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"G Clifford","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600688","article-title":"Human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer worldwide: a meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"G Clifford","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000253361.63578.14","article-title":"Human papillomavirus types among women infected with HIV: a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"GM Clifford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27485","article-title":"Human papillomavirus types in 115,789 HPV-positive women: a meta-analysis from cervical infection to cancer","volume":"131","author":"P Guan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25396","article-title":"Human papillomavirus type distribution in 30,848 invasive cervical cancers worldwide: Variation by geographical region, histological type and year of publication","volume":"128","author":"N Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22527","article-title":"Human papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer and high-grade cervical lesions: A meta-analysis update","volume":"121","author":"JS Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"International journal of cancer"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-235","article-title":"Canadian oncogenic human papillomavirus cervical infection prevalence: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"A Tricco","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61058-2","article-title":"GAVI injects new life into HPV vaccine rollout","volume":"381","author":"R Youngblood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26269","article-title":"Health and economic impact of HPV 16\/18 vaccination and cervical cancer screening in Eastern Africa","volume":"130","author":"NG Campos","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02372.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and prevention of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in sub Saharan Africa: a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"KS Louie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"GAVI (2011) GAVI welcomes lower prices for life-saving vaccines.[press release], June 6, 2011."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"GAVI (2014) 206,000 more girls to benefit from HPV vaccine with GAVI Alliance support"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology","volume":"283","author":"DF Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Ogembo JG, Bain PA, Seymour A, Park HS (2013) Human papillomavirus genotype prevalence among African women with normal cervical cytologies and lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1210379","article-title":"Cervical-Cancer Screening with Human Papillomavirus and Cytologic Cotesting","volume":"369","author":"CG Solomon","year":"2013","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref35","author":"N Solomon","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23292","article-title":"Vaccine-related HPV genotypes in women with and without cervical cancer in Mozambique: Burden and potential for prevention","volume":"122","author":"X Castellsagu\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25539","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection in a population-based sample of women in Algiers, Algeria","volume":"128","author":"D Hammouda","year":"2011","journal-title":"International journal of cancer"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20600","article-title":"Cervical carcinoma in Algiers, Algeria: human papillomavirus and lifestyle risk factors","volume":"113","author":"D Hammouda","year":"2005","journal-title":"International journal of cancer"},{"key":"ref39","author":"K Rogo","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603737","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes among HIV-infected women in Zambia","volume":"96","author":"V Sahasrabuddhe","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02369-06","article-title":"Agreement between self-and clinician-collected specimen results for detection and typing of high-risk human papillomavirus in specimens from women in Gugulethu, South Africa","volume":"45","author":"HE Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23437","article-title":"Genotyping of human papillomavirus in paraffin embedded cervical tissue samples from women in Ethiopia and the Sudan","volume":"85","author":"E Abate","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.11.796","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective","volume":"87","author":"FX Bosch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28425","article-title":"Human papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution in invasive cervical cancer in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"134","author":"L Denny","year":"2014","journal-title":"International journal of cancer"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndiaye C, Alemany L, Ndiaye N, Kamate B, Diop Y, Odida M, et al. (2012) Human papillomavirus distribution in invasive cervical carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa: could HIV explain the differences? Trop Med Int Health.","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12004"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vuyst H, Ndirangu G, Moodley M, Tenet V, Estambale B, Meijer CJLM, et al. (2011) Prevalence of human papillomavirus in women with invasive cervical carcinoma by HIV status in Kenya and South Africa. International journal of cancer.","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-7-S1-O12"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"514146","article-title":"HPV Type Distribution and Cervical Cytology among HIV-Positive Tanzanian and South African Women","volume":"2012","author":"JA Dols","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-5-24","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection in women with and without cervical cancer in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"C Okolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infectious Agents and Cancer"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601515","article-title":"Prevalence of papillomavirus infection in women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a population-based study","volume":"90","author":"J Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4424","article-title":"Are 20 human papillomavirus types causing cervical cancer?","volume":"234","author":"M Arbyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Distribution theory","volume":"I","author":"A Stuart","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"R DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Controlled clinical trials"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-85","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer in Uganda","volume":"8","author":"M Odida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bmc Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01981-07","article-title":"Cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in South African women: implications for HPV screening and vaccine strategies","volume":"46","author":"B Allan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.44.5.406","article-title":"In situ evidence for HPV 16, 18, 33 integration in cervical squamous cell cancer in Britain and South Africa","volume":"44","author":"K Cooper","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of clinical pathology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181743327","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection and cervical disease in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected women","volume":"111","author":"L Denny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-009-9475-z","article-title":"Association between cervical dysplasia and human papillomavirus in HIV seropositive women from Johannesburg South Africa","volume":"21","author":"C Firnhaber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Causes and Control"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000325079","article-title":"Diverse and high prevalence of human papillomavirus associated with a significant high rate of cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"53","author":"C Firnhaber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta cytologica"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10479","article-title":"High prevalence of HPV 16 in South African women with cancer of the cervix and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"71","author":"P Kay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21166","article-title":"Cervical and oral human papillomavirus types in HIV-1 positive and negative women with cervical disease in South Africa","volume":"80","author":"DJ Marais","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(200004)60:4<403::AID-JMV7>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Seroresponses to human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 45 virus-like particles in South African women with cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"60","author":"DJ Marais","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44332","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044332","article-title":"Distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes among HIV-negative women with and without cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in South Africa","volume":"7","author":"AC McDonald","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-9-275","article-title":"Human papillomavirus prevalence, viral load and pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix in women initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"J Moodley","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC cancer"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"1402","article-title":"Human papillomavirus in normal cervical smears from Cape Town","volume":"86","author":"JE Ramesar","year":"1996","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal-Cape Town-Medical Association of South Africa"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00670.x","article-title":"Human papilloma virus types in the oral and cervical mucosa of HIV-positive South African women prior to antiretroviral therapy","volume":"37","author":"KL Richter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of oral pathology & medicine"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.02.001","article-title":"HPV genotypes in women with squamous intraepithelial lesions and normal cervixes participating in a community-based microbicide study in Pretoria, South Africa","volume":"44","author":"H Said","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890430307","article-title":"Typing of human papillomaviruses in cervical carcinoma biopsies from Cape Town","volume":"43","author":"AL Williamson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890280307","article-title":"Typing of human papillomaviruses in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 biopsies from Cape Town","volume":"28","author":"AL Williamson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21279","article-title":"Molecular detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus in cervical carcinoma biopsies in an area of high incidence of cancer from Moroccan women","volume":"81","author":"ME Mzibri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02552.x","article-title":"Human papillomavirus type distribution among women with cervical pathology- study over 4 years at Jimma Hospital, southwest Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"A Bekele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"151","article-title":"The distribution of Human Papilloma Virus infection in women with cervical histological abnormalities from an area with high incidence of cervical cancer","volume":"43","author":"B Fanta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ethiopian medical journal"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00191552","article-title":"High-risk human papillomavirus types in cytologically normal cervical scrapes from Kenya","volume":"180","author":"J Czegledy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Medical microbiology and immunology"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e3282f75ea1","article-title":"HIV, human papillomavirus, and cervical neoplasia and cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"17","author":"H De Vuyst","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer Prevention"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.441","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of human papillomavirus infection and cervical lesions in HIV-positive women in Kenya","volume":"107","author":"H De Vuyst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-7-S1-O12","article-title":"Human papillomavirus prevalence in invasive cervical carcinoma by HIV Status","volume":"7","author":"H De Vuyst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infectious Agents and Cancer"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-010-9645-z","article-title":"The prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"21","author":"H De Vuyst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Causes and Control"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200302000-00009","article-title":"Distribution of human papillomavirus in a family planning population in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"30","author":"H De Vuyst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2174\/1874357901307010019","article-title":"HIV Infection Alters the Spectrum of HPV Subtypes Found in Cervical Smears and Carcinomas from Kenyan Women","volume":"7","author":"IO Maranga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Virol J"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22203","article-title":"High prevalence of intermediate\u2010risk human papillomavirus infection in uterine cervices of kenyan women infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"83","author":"M Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.034298-0","article-title":"Human papillomavirus type-specific risk of cervical cancer in a population with high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence: case\u201a\u00c4\u00eccontrol study","volume":"92","author":"P Naucler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of general virology"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80001-0","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical cancers in Mozambique","volume":"85","author":"P Naucler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of general virology"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1086\/599123","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Cytology in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Rwandan Women","volume":"199","author":"DK Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31823b50ad","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Type Distribution in 3603 HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women in the General Population of Tanzania: The PROTECT Study","volume":"39","author":"M Dartell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4451","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4451-4453.2003","article-title":"Genital human papillomavirus genotypes in northwestern Tanzania","volume":"41","author":"P Mayaud","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-6-20","article-title":"Distribution of HPV genotypes in cervical intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer in Tanzanian women","volume":"6","author":"AC Vidal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infectious Agents and Cancer"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20817","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genotypes associated with cervical cytologic abnormalities and HIV infection in Ugandan women","volume":"79","author":"D Blossom","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-5-15","article-title":"Comparison of human papillomavirus detection between freshly frozen tissue and paraffin embedded tissue of invasive cervical cancer","volume":"5","author":"M Odida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-6-8","article-title":"HPV types, HIV and invasive cervical carcinoma risk in Kampala, Uganda: a case-control study","volume":"6","author":"M Odida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infectious Agents and Cancer"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-77","article-title":"The distribution of sexually-transmitted Human Papillomaviruses in HIV positive and negative patients in Zambia, Africa","volume":"7","author":"C Ng'andwe","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10538","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genotype prevalence in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and colposcopically normal women from Zimbabwe","volume":"100","author":"PE Gravitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"International journal of cancer"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10456","article-title":"Detection of human papillomavirus in urine and cervical swabs from patients with invasive cervical cancer","volume":"71","author":"GA Stanczuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00245.x","article-title":"Typing of human papillomavirus in Zimbabwean patients with invasive cancer of the uterine cervix","volume":"82","author":"GA Stanczuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-4-31","article-title":"Genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with cervical lesions in Bioko, Equatorial Guinea","volume":"4","author":"B Garcia-Espinosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagnostic pathology"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.6.1210","article-title":"Genotypes and Sequence Variants of Human Papillomavirus DNAs from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I-Infected Women with Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia","volume":"166","author":"JP Icenogle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.781","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotype among Moroccan women during a local screening program","volume":"4","author":"Z Alhamany","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19980209)75:4<546::AID-IJC9>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"The viral origin of cervical cancer in Rabat, Morocco","volume":"75","author":"N Chaouki","year":"1998","journal-title":"International journal of cancer"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22178","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes and associated cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV\u201a\u00c4\u00eainfected women in Botswana","volume":"83","author":"IJ MacLeod","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182426227","article-title":"Cervical Cancer Prevention in HIV-Infected Women Using the &quot;See and Treat&quot; Approach in Botswana","volume":"59","author":"D Ramogola-Masire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jaids-Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-514","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in women in Benin, West Africa","volume":"8","author":"F Piras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-242","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between HIV infection and cervical cancer in C\u00f4te d&apos;Ivoire A case-control study","volume":"10","author":"G Adjorlolo-Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.299","article-title":"Cervical human papillomavirus and HIV infection in women of child-bearing age in Abidjan, Cote d&apos;Ivoire, 2010","volume":"107","author":"A Jaquet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19980518)76:4<480::AID-IJC6>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus infections: relation with cervical dysplasia-neoplasia in African women","volume":"76","author":"G La Ruche","year":"1998","journal-title":"International journal of cancer"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602736","article-title":"Cervical human papillomavirus infection and squamous intraepithelial lesions in rural Gambia, West Africa: viral sequence analysis and epidemiology","volume":"93","author":"S Wall","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605140","article-title":"HPV infection in women with and without cervical cancer in Conakry, Guinea","volume":"101","author":"N Keita","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.1.202","article-title":"Risk factors of invasive cervical cancer in Mali","volume":"31","author":"S Bayo","year":"2002","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26211","article-title":"The age-specific prevalence of human papillomavirus and risk of cytologic abnormalities in rural Nigeria: Implications for screen-and-treat strategies","volume":"130","author":"JC Gage","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1159\/000024981","article-title":"PCR-RFLP-detected human papilloma virus infection in a group of Senegalese women attending an STD clinic and identification of a new HPV-68 subtype","volume":"42","author":"G Astori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199608)49:4<259::AID-JMV1>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Detection by PCR of human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical lesions of Senegalese women","volume":"49","author":"M Chabaud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10876","article-title":"Prevalence of specific types of human papillomavirus and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in consecutive, previously unscreened, West-African women over 35 years of age","volume":"103","author":"LF Xi","year":"2003","journal-title":"International journal of cancer"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.05.026","article-title":"HPV type-distribution in women with and without cervical neoplastic diseases","volume":"24","author":"G Clifford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.07.092","article-title":"The burden of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"31","author":"H De Vuyst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref112","author":"N Broutet","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr053","article-title":"For cancers caused by HPV, two vaccines were just the beginning","volume":"103","author":"J Peres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.06.066","article-title":"Infrastructure requirements for human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical cancer screening in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"31","author":"R Sankaranarayanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.06.098","article-title":"Burden of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases in the extended Middle East and North Africa region","volume":"31","author":"S Vaccarella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref116","year":"2013"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.077","article-title":"Recommendations for cervical cancer prevention in sub-saharan Africa","volume":"31","author":"LA Denny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq342","article-title":"Human papillomavirus-based cervical cancer prevention: long-term results of a randomized screening trial","volume":"102","author":"L Denny","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref119","year":"2013"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.06.045","article-title":"Human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus and immunosuppression","volume":"30","author":"LA Denny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref121","article-title":"Global Report 2013: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0122488","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T14:12:16Z","timestamp":1566569536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0122488"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Schabath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0122488","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]]}}}