{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:44:15Z","timestamp":1783453455972,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]],"date-time":"2015-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]],"date-time":"2015-04-24T18:14:40Z","timestamp":1429899280000},"page":"e0122963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Association between an Internet-Based Measure of Area Racism and Black Mortality"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"David H.","family":"Chae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Clouston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Hatzenbuehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah L. F.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sacoby M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth I.","family":"Stephens-Davidowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce G.","family":"Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X11000166","article-title":"Conceptualizing racial disparities in health: advancement of a socio-psychobiological approach","volume":"8","author":"DH Chae","year":"2011","journal-title":"Du Bois Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.98.Supplement_1.S29","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies","volume":"98","author":"DR Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50068-7","article-title":"Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health","volume":"116","author":"DR Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.11.024","article-title":"Residential segregation, geographic proximity and type of services used: evidence for racial\/ethnic disparities in mental health","volume":"80","author":"GY Dinwiddie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-012-9770-y","article-title":"The geography of recreational open space: influence of neighborhood racial composition and neighborhood poverty","volume":"90","author":"DT Duncan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.226","article-title":"Employment discrimination, segregation, and health","volume":"93","author":"WA Darity Jr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.10.805","article-title":"Racism as a stressor for African Americans. A biopsychosocial model","volume":"54","author":"R Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1177\/0021934711401737","article-title":"Getting mad but ending up sad: the mental health consequences for African Americans using anger to cope with racism","volume":"42","author":"CT Pittman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Black Stud"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749","article-title":"&quot;Weathering&quot; and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States","volume":"96","author":"AT Geronimus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x","article-title":"Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load","volume":"840","author":"BS McEwen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.72","article-title":"The effects of ethnic discrimination and socioeconomic status on endothelin-1 among blacks and whites","volume":"22","author":"DC Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-011-9188-z","article-title":"Racial discrimination is associated with a measure of red blood cell oxidative stress: a potential pathway for racial health disparities","volume":"19","author":"SL Szanton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.11.011","article-title":"Self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination are associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels in older African-American adults","volume":"24","author":"TT Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27636","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027636","article-title":"Exposing racial discrimination: implicit &amp; explicit measures\u2014the My Body, My Story study of 1005 US-born black &amp; white community health center members","volume":"6","author":"N Krieger","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1198\/016214506000001040","article-title":"An analysis of the New York City Police Department&apos;s &quot;Stop-and-Frisk&quot; policy in the context of claims of racial bias","volume":"102","author":"A Gelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11146-011-9330-3","article-title":"Racial Discrimination and Mortgage Lending","volume":"45","author":"J Kau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Real Estate Financ"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. EEOC Files Suit Against Two Employers for Use of Criminal Background Checks. 11 Jun 2013. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.eeoc.gov\/eeoc\/newsroom\/release\/6-11-13.cfm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.eeoc.gov\/eeoc\/newsroom\/release\/6-11-13.cfm<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Oct 24."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305","article-title":"Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination","volume":"2","author":"DR Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref19","author":"M Bertrand","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00262","article-title":"Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999","volume":"11","author":"JF Dovidio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl056","article-title":"A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health","volume":"35","author":"Y Paradies","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/74.3.883","article-title":"Attitudes on residential integration: Perceived status differences, mere in-group preference, or racial prejudice?","volume":"74","author":"L Bobo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soc Forces"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.04.010","article-title":"The cost of racial animus on a black candidate: Evidence using Google search data","volume":"118","author":"S Stephens-Davidowitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Public Econ"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4932.2012.00809.x","article-title":"Predicting the Present with Google Trends","volume":"88","author":"H Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Econ Rec"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6237.2011.00768.x","article-title":"Google&apos;s Insights for Search: A Note Evaluating the Use of Search Engine Data in Social Research","volume":"92","author":"CP Scheitle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1086\/630200","article-title":"Google trends: a web-based tool for real-time surveillance of disease outbreaks","volume":"49","author":"HA Carneiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07634","article-title":"Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data","volume":"457","author":"J Ginsberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. Compressed Mortality File, 1968\u20132009 (machine readable data file and documentation, CD-ROM Series 20, Version 2A, 2E, 2N) as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Hyattsville, MD; 2012."},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"National Vital Statistics Reports","author":"SL Murphy","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"2004\u20132009 American Community Survey","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.118.3.392","article-title":"Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models","volume":"118","author":"W Gardner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00645.x","article-title":"A note on robust variance estimation for cluster-correlated data","volume":"56","author":"RL Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206482","article-title":"AIC model selection using Akaike weights","volume":"11","author":"EJ Wagenmakers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychon B Rev"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.25.3.364","article-title":"Perceived racism and cardiovascular reactivity and recovery to personally relevant stress","volume":"25","author":"MM Merritt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30120-6","article-title":"Allostatic load burden and racial disparities in mortality","volume":"104","author":"OK Duru","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.12.012","article-title":"Inflammation as a psychophysiological biomarker in chronic psychosocial stress","volume":"35","author":"A Hansel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.01.002","article-title":"Chronic discrimination predicts higher circulating levels of E-selectin in a national sample: the MIDUS study","volume":"23","author":"EM Friedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.04.027","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic and gender differences in the association between self-reported experiences of racial\/ethnic discrimination and inflammation in the CARDIA cohort of 4 US communities","volume":"75","author":"TJ Cunningham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3182733665","article-title":"Implicit racial bias as a moderator of the association between racial discrimination and hypertension: a study of Midlife African American men","volume":"74","author":"DH Chae","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000221360.94700.16","article-title":"Chronic exposure to everyday discrimination and coronary artery calcification in African-American women: the SWAN Heart Study","volume":"68","author":"TT Lewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.10.020","article-title":"Discrimination, racial bias, and telomere length in African-American men","volume":"46","author":"DH Chae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Measuring Racial Discrimination","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurgery.2013.408","article-title":"Residential segregation and lung cancer mortality in the United States","volume":"148","author":"AJ Hayanga","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.05.045","article-title":"Do experiences of racial discrimination predict cardiovascular disease among African American men? The moderating role of internalized negative racial group attitudes","volume":"71","author":"DH Chae","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr033","article-title":"Agreement on cause of death between proxies, death certificates, and clinician adjudicators in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study","volume":"173","author":"JH Halanych","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1327","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of death certificates for diabetes: as good as it gets?","volume":"31","author":"WS Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-007-9013-8","article-title":"The effects of race-related stress on cortisol reactivity in the laboratory: implications of the Duke lacrosse scandal","volume":"35","author":"LS Richman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2307\/3350274","article-title":"Segregation, poverty, and empowerment: health consequences for African Americans","volume":"71","author":"TA Laveist","year":"1993","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"349","article-title":"The effects of Obama&apos;s political success on the self-rated health of blacks, Hispanics, and whites","volume":"21","author":"J Malat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.21.080195.002025","article-title":"US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: patterns and explanations","volume":"21","author":"DR Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Rev Sociol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2190\/WJEP-VB83-GAUT-XEJR","article-title":"Improved mortality among U.S. Blacks, 1968\u20131978: the role of antiracist struggle","volume":"11","author":"R Cooper","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0122963","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T08:09:53Z","timestamp":1540282193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0122963"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hajo","family":"Zeeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0122963","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]]}}}