{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T10:36:33Z","timestamp":1789814193495,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]],"date-time":"2015-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]],"date-time":"2015-04-15T19:35:47Z","timestamp":1429126547000},"page":"e0123968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Quality of Clinical Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare \u2013 A Strategy for Identifying \u2018Routine Care Signal Functions\u2019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Stephan","family":"Brenner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"De Allegri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Gabrysch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jobiba","family":"Chinkhumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malabika","family":"Sarker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adamson S.","family":"Muula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"WHO Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2013\u2014Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60497-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"H Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68397-9","article-title":"WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review","volume":"367","author":"KS Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Countdown to 2015 decade report (2000\u20132010) with country profiles: taking stock of maternal, newborn and child survival","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"77","article-title":"An Introduction to Maternal Mortality","volume":"1","author":"NM Nour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000","volume":"379","author":"L Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71048-5","article-title":"4 million neonatal deaths: when? Where? Why?","volume":"365","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.07.016","article-title":"Two million intrapartum-related stillbirths and neonatal deaths: where, why, and what can be done?","volume":"107","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Make Every Mother and Child Count","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Packages of interventions for family planning, safe abortion care, maternal, newborn and child health","year":"2010"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.07.021","article-title":"Reducing intrapartum-related deaths and disability: Can the health system deliver?","volume":"107","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii6","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czs053","article-title":"Newborn survival: a multi-country analysis of a decade of change","volume":"27","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.112664","article-title":"Health systems and services: the role of acute care","volume":"91","author":"JM Hirshon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Making pregnancy safer: the critical role of the skilled attendant: A joint statement by WHO, ICM and FIGO","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"900","article-title":"Emergency medical care in developing countries: is it worthwhile?","volume":"80","author":"JA Razzak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg017","article-title":"Skilled attendants for pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal care","volume":"67","author":"L De Bernis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S7","article-title":"The effect of providing skilled birth attendance and emergency obstetric care in preventing stillbirths","volume":"11","author":"MY Yakoob","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"626","article-title":"Emergency medical systems in low- and middle-income countries: recommendations for action","volume":"83","author":"OC Kobusingye","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01866.x","article-title":"Maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: the contribution of ineffective blood transfusion services","volume":"115","author":"I Bates","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.08.009","article-title":"The United Nations Process Indicators for emergency obstetric care: reflections based on a decade of experience","volume":"95","author":"A Paxton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Monitoring emergency obstetric care: a handbook","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.07.017","article-title":"Obstetric care in low-resource settings: What, who, and how to overcome challenges to scale up?","volume":"107","author":"GJ Hofmeyr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.07.013","article-title":"Neonatal resuscitation in low-resource settings: what, who, and how to overcome challenges to scale up?","volume":"107","author":"SN Wall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001340","article-title":"New signal functions to measure the ability of health facilities to provide routine and emergency newborn care","volume":"9","author":"S Gabrysch","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2004.11.021","article-title":"Message in a bottle: sinking in a sea of safe motherhood concepts","volume":"73","author":"J Hussein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Policy Amst Neth"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Finding Common Ground: Harmonizing the Application of Different Quality Improvement Models in Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Programs","author":"Y Tawfik","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Integrated Managment of Pregnancy and Childbirth: Pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and newborn care","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: Evidence base","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants: recommendations for a public health approach","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Optimal feeding of low-birth-weight infants: technical review","author":"K Edmond","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Kangaroo Mother Care: A practical guide","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Quality of Care for Prevention and Management of Common Maternal and Newborn Complications: Findings from a National Health Facility Survey in Kenya\u2014Are Services Provided According to International Standards?","author":"F Kagema","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Quality of Care for Prevention and Management of Common Maternal and Newborn Complications: A study of 12 regions in Tanzania","author":"Marya Plotkin","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Quality of Care for Prevention and Management of Common Maternal and Newborn Complications: A Study of Ethiopia\u2019s Hospitals","author":"Ashebir Getachew","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Quality of Care of the Prevention and Management of Common Maternal and Newborn Complications in Health Facilities in Madagascar","author":"Jean Pierre Rakotovao Justin Ranjalahy Rasolofomanana","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Quality of Maternal and Newborn Health Services in Zanzibar, 2010 Findings from Selected Health Facilities in Unguja and Pemba","author":"Marya Plotkin","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Quality of Care for Prevention and Management of Common Maternal and Newborn Complications Findings from a National Health Facility Survey in Rwanda","author":"Fidele Ngabo","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Quality and Humanization of Care Assessment (QHCA)\u2014A Study of the Quality of Maternal and Newborn Care Delivered in Mozambique\u2019s Model Maternities","author":"Lidia Chongo","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Monitoring and Evaluation of Maternal and Newborn Health and Services at the District Level","author":"P Ana","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Monitoring maternal, newborn and child health: understanding key progress indicators","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81089","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081089","article-title":"Quality along the continuum: a health facility assessment of intrapartum and postnatal care in Ghana","volume":"8","author":"RC Nesbitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"UNICEF. UNICEF Data: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women. In: The State of the World\u2019s Children Report 2015 Statistical Tables [Internet]. [cited 1 Feb 2015]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.data.unicef.org\/resources\/the-state-of-the-world-s-children-report-2015-statistical-tables\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.data.unicef.org\/resources\/the-state-of-the-world-s-children-report-2015-statistical-tables<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-180","article-title":"Design of an impact evaluation using a mixed methods model\u2014an explanatory assessment of the effects of results-based financing mechanisms on maternal healthcare services in Malawi","volume":"14","author":"S Brenner","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzg081","article-title":"Defining and classifying clinical indicators for quality improvement","volume":"15","author":"J Mainz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2003.0002","article-title":"What is the quality of quality of medical care measures? Rashomon-like relativism and real-world applications","volume":"46","author":"MH Chin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69380-X","article-title":"Maternal mortality: who, when, where, and why","volume":"368","author":"C Ronsmans","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Essential Interventions, Commodities and Guidelines for Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health: A Global Review of the key Interventions related to Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (RMNCH)","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"National Integrated Infection Prevention, Reproductive Health and PMTCT Performance Standards for Health Centres: Consolidation of the results of the Assessment Tool","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Malawi National Road Map for accelerating the reduction of maternal and newborn mortality","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Malawi national reproductive health service delivery guidelines","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Clinical management of HIV in children and adults: Malawi integrated guidelines for providing HIV services in Antenatal Care, Maternity Care, Under 5 Clinics, Family Planning Clinics, Exposed Infant\/Pre-ART Clinics, ART Clinics","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Malawi Standard Treatment Guidelines","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/11.5.429","article-title":"Comparative validity of three methods for assessment of the quality of primary health care","volume":"11","author":"J Hermida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care J Int Soc Qual Health Care ISQua"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2008.09.008","article-title":"Facility-Based Maternal Death Review in Three Districts in the Central Region of Malawi. An Analysis of Causes and Characteristics of Maternal Deaths","volume":"19","author":"EJ Kongnyuy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues Off Publ Jacobs Inst Womens Health"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2012.01.010","article-title":"Practices of Skilled Birth Attendants During Labour, Birth and the Immediate Postpartum Period in Cambodia","volume":"29","author":"P Ith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"105","article-title":"Knowledge and perceptions of quality of obstetric and newborn care of local health providers: a cross-sectional study in three districts in Malawi","volume":"25","author":"O Bayley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2008.08.002","article-title":"Effect of audit and feedback on the availability, utilisation and quality of emergency obstetric care in three districts in Malawi","volume":"21","author":"EJ Kongnyuy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Women Birth J Aust Coll Midwives"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"4","article-title":"Promotion of handwashing as a measure of quality of care and prevention of hospital- acquired infections in Eritrea: The Keren study","volume":"5","author":"R Samuel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Malawi Health Sector Strategic Plan 2011\u20132016. Moving Towards Equity and Quality","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-328","article-title":"Primary Health Care in rural Malawi\u2014a qualitative assessment exploring the relevance of the community-directed interventions approach","volume":"12","author":"P Makaula","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Exploring Evidence for Disrespect and Abuse in Facility-Based Childbirth: Report of a Landscape Analysis","author":"Diana Bowse","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn &amp; Child Health","author":"Joy Lawn","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0123968","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T12:26:50Z","timestamp":1589027210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0123968"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yuan-Soon","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0123968","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]]}}}