{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:45:40Z","timestamp":1762004740646},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]],"date-time":"2015-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]],"date-time":"2015-10-02T17:58:44Z","timestamp":1443808724000},"page":"e0126943","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Declining trend of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) mutant alleles after the withdrawal of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine in North Western Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sofonias K.","family":"Tessema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moges","family":"Kassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amha","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gemechu Tadesse","family":"Leta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adugna","family":"Woyessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geremew Tasew","family":"Guma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beyene","family":"Petros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"391","article-title":"Efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ethiopia","volume":"82","author":"D Jima","year":"2005","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"FMOH (2004) Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for Health Workers in Ethiopia."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.23.2603","article-title":"Effect of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the efficacy of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria control during pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"297","author":"FO ter Kuile","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61258-7","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for malaria in African infants: a pooled analysis of six randomised, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"374","author":"JJ Aponte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000407","article-title":"Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria provides substantial protection against malaria in children already protected by an insecticide-treated bednet in Mali: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"A Dicko","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70295-4","article-title":"Coverage of malaria protection in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: a synthesis and analysis of national survey data","volume":"11","author":"AM van Eijk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00114-X","article-title":"Resistance to antifolates in Plasmodium falciparum monitored by sequence analysis of dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase alleles in a large number of field samples of diverse origins","volume":"89","author":"P Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13944","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.13944","article-title":"Mutations in dihydropteroate synthase are responsible for sulfone and sulfonamide resistance in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"94","author":"T Triglia","year":"1997","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.23.9109","article-title":"Amino-Acid Changes Linked to Pyrimethamine Resistance in the Dihydrofolate-Reductase Thymidylate Synthase Gene of Plasmodium-falciparum","volume":"85","author":"AF Cowman","year":"1988","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1994.00397.x","article-title":"Sequence variation of the hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase: dihydropteroate synthase gene in lines of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with differing resistance to sulfadoxine","volume":"224","author":"DR Brooks","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1086\/315520","article-title":"Molecular evidence of greater selective pressure for drug resistance exerted by the long-acting antifolate Pyrimethamine\/Sulfadoxine compared with the shorter-acting chlorproguanil\/dapsone on Kenyan Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"181","author":"AM Nzila","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.4.991-996.2000","article-title":"Towards an understanding of the mechanism of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: genotyping of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of Kenyan parasites","volume":"44","author":"AM Nzila","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1086\/338566","article-title":"Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"185","author":"JG Kublin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.07.002","article-title":"Why has the dihydrofolate reductase 164 mutation not consistently been found in Africa yet?","volume":"99","author":"A Nzila","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1086\/587845","article-title":"Emergence of a dhfr mutation conferring high-level drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum populations from southwest Uganda","volume":"197","author":"C Lynch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.523","article-title":"Five-year surveillance of molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance in Korogwe District, Tanzania: accumulation of the 581G mutation in the P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase gene","volume":"80","author":"M Alifrangis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00498-09","article-title":"Molecular correlates of high-level antifolate resistance in Rwandan children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"54","author":"C Karema","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"WHO (2010) WHO Policy recommendation on Intermittent Preventive Treatment during infancy with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP-IPTi) for Plasmodium falciparum malaria control in Africa. Geneva"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1086\/375419","article-title":"Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria after cessation of chloroquine use in Malawi","volume":"187","author":"JG Kublin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-415","article-title":"Trends in chloroquine resistance marker, Pfcrt-K76T mutation ten years after chloroquine withdrawal in Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"A Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-106","article-title":"Chloroquine resistance before and after its withdrawal in Kenya","volume":"8","author":"L Mwai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.410","article-title":"Decreased prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter 76T marker associated with cessation of chloroquine use against P. falciparum malaria in Hainan, People&apos;s Republic of China","volume":"72","author":"X Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062032","article-title":"Return of chloroquine antimalarial efficacy in Malawi","volume":"355","author":"MK Laufer","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3147-3152.2005","article-title":"Countrywide survey shows very high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum multilocus resistance genotypes in Cambodia","volume":"49","author":"N Khim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01228-06","article-title":"Common origin and fixation of Plasmodium falciparum dhfr and dhps mutations associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in a low-transmission area in South America","volume":"51","author":"AM McCollum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.09.010","article-title":"Prevalence of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance-associated mutations in dhfr and dhps genes of Plasmodium falciparum three years after SP withdrawal in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"128","author":"E Hailemeskel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis742","article-title":"A community-randomized evaluation of the effect of intermittent preventive treatment in infants on antimalarial drug resistance in southern Tanzania","volume":"207","author":"RJ Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.256","article-title":"Differential effect of regional drug pressure on dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase mutations in southern Mozambique","volume":"78","author":"J Raman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-54","article-title":"High prevalence of drug-resistance mutations in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in southern Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"M Schunk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.1131","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of mutations in dihydrofolate reductase and dihyropteroate synthase genes of Plasmodium falciparum in Ethiopia","volume":"73","author":"T Gebru-Woldearegai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2012.06.018","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) inhibits human renal cell carcinoma proliferation","volume":"1823","author":"E Vacas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref32","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster","volume":"94","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.565","article-title":"Pyrimethamine and Proguanil Resistance-Conferring Mutations in Plasmodium-Falciparum Dihydrofolate-Reductase\u2014Polymerase Chain-Reaction Methods for Surveillance in Africa","volume":"52","author":"CV Plowe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.24","article-title":"Detection of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene by dot-blot hybridization","volume":"67","author":"AM Abdel-Muhsin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"922","article-title":"Antifolate antimalarial resistance in southeast Africa: a population-based analysis (vol 361, pg 1174, 2003)","volume":"362","author":"C Roper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.1101-1105.2005","article-title":"High prevalence of markers for sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in the absence of drug pressure in the Ashanti region of Ghana","volume":"49","author":"F Marks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00297-08","article-title":"Decline in sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant Alleles after change in drug policy in the Amazon region of Peru","volume":"52","author":"ZY Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00239-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria","volume":"2","author":"C Wongsrichanalai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1086\/382509","article-title":"Evolution of drug-resistance genes in Plasmodium falciparum in an area of seasonal malaria transmission in Eastern Sudan","volume":"189","author":"AM Abdel-Muhsin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"483","article-title":"Changes in the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Hainan, China","volume":"73","author":"DQ Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90255-6","article-title":"Evidence of Increased Chloroquine Sensitivity in Thai Isolates of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"82","author":"S Thaithong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"261","article-title":"Self-treatment of malaria in rural communities, Butajira, southern Ethiopia","volume":"81","author":"W Deressa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06201-8","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum cross-resistance between trimethoprim and pyrimethamine","volume":"358","author":"JK Iyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.586","article-title":"Dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genotypes associated with in vitro resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, and sulfamethoxazole","volume":"68","author":"I Khalil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0126943","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T04:25:14Z","timestamp":1588998314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0126943"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Georges","family":"Snounou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0126943","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]]}}}