{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:31:14Z","timestamp":1787988674272,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]],"date-time":"2015-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]],"date-time":"2015-06-12T17:49:29Z","timestamp":1434131369000},"page":"e0129906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Influence of Low-Level Prenatal Exposure to PCDD\/Fs and PCBs on Empathizing, Systemizing and Autistic Traits: Results from the Duisburg Birth Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nikola","family":"Nowack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Wittsiepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Kasper-Sonnenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Sch\u00f6lmerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"DSM IV Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01904-6","article-title":"The extreme male brain theory of autism","volume":"6","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.059345","article-title":"Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study","volume":"194","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Data &amp; Statistics. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/autism\/data.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/autism\/data.html<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160555","article-title":"Insights into the Pathogenesis of Autism","volume":"321","author":"JS Sutcliffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181902d15","article-title":"The rise in autism and the role of age at diagnosis","volume":"20","author":"I Hertz-Picciotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205827","article-title":"Ambient Air Pollution and Autism in Los Angeles County, California","volume":"121","author":"TA Becerra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181e65d76","article-title":"Perinatal Exposure to Hazardous Air Pollutants and Autism Spectrum Disorders at Age 8","volume":"21","author":"AE Kalkbrenner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206187","article-title":"Perinatal Air Pollutant Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Children of Nurses\u2019 Health Study II Participants","volume":"121","author":"AL Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002835","article-title":"Residential Proximity to Freeways and Autism in the CHARGE Study","volume":"119","author":"HE Volk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.266","article-title":"Traffic-Related Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, and Autism","volume":"70","author":"HE Volk","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9120","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorders in Relation to Distribution of Hazardous Air Pollutants in the San Francisco Bay Area","volume":"114","author":"GC Windham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2009.01.011","article-title":"Associations between indoor environmental factors and parental-reported autistic spectrum disorders in children 6\u20138 years of age","volume":"30","author":"M Larsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2010.12.009","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and childhood social impairment","volume":"32","author":"A Miodovnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10168","article-title":"Maternal Residence Near Agricultural Pesticide Applications and Autism Spectrum Disorders Among Children in the California Central Valley","volume":"115","author":"EM Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.10.045","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated apoptosis of neuronal cells: A possible interaction with estrogen receptor signaling","volume":"158","author":"M Kajta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl055","article-title":"The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds","volume":"93","author":"M van den Berg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.05.016","article-title":"Non-coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are direct agonists for the human pregnane-X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor, and activate target gene expression in a tissue-specific manner","volume":"263","author":"F Al-Salman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1422","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: a statement of principles from The Endocrine Society","volume":"153","author":"RT Zoeller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s4639","article-title":"Characterization of potential endocrine-related health effects at low-dose levels of exposure to PCBs","volume":"107","author":"A Brouwer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00274-3","article-title":"PCB-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity in human infants and its potential mediation by endocrine dysfunction","volume":"181\u2013182","author":"G Winneke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1265","article-title":"Encyclopedia of Ecology","author":"J Myers","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1006\/mgme.2001.3177","article-title":"Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): An Analysis of the Evidence That They Impair Children&apos;s Neurobehavioral Development","volume":"73","author":"PJ Landrigan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2010.7.2.122","article-title":"Exposure to Environmental Toxins in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"7","author":"SM Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2013.04.001","article-title":"Maternal serum persistent organic pollutants in the Finnish Prenatal Study of Autism: A pilot study","volume":"38","author":"K Cheslack-Postava","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21722","article-title":"Levels of select PCB and PBDE congeners in human postmortem brain reveal possible environmental involvement in 15q11-q13 duplication autism spectrum disorder","volume":"53","author":"MM Mitchell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02898144","article-title":"Retrospective in utero exposure assessment of PCBs using preserved umbilical cords and its application to case-control comparison","volume":"11","author":"T Otake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307261","article-title":"Gestational Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Reciprocal Social, Repetitive, and Stereotypic Behaviors in 4- and 5-Year-Old Children: The HOME Study","volume":"122","author":"JM Braun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.18","article-title":"2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in breast milk increases autistic traits of 3-year-old children in Vietnam","volume":"19","author":"M Nishijo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20493","article-title":"Maternal plasma polychlorinated biphenyl levels in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) affect infant social skills in mother-infant interaction","volume":"53","author":"A Nakagami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2005.07.008","article-title":"Gestational and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin affects social behaviors between developing rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"160","author":"T Negishi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2014.06.001","article-title":"Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence","volume":"44","author":"AE Kalkbrenner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5973-9_4","article-title":"Thyroid hormone control of brain and motor development: molecular, neuroanatomical, and behavioral studies","volume":"299","author":"SA Stein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503770867192","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls and thyroid status in humans: a review","volume":"13","author":"L Hagmar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-11-04133.1992","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the vertebrate nervous system","volume":"12","author":"S Breedlove","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/ansci\/61.Supplement_3.38","article-title":"Sexual dimorphisms of the brain","volume":"61","author":"RA Gorski","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexual Differentiation of the Rodent Brain: Dogma and Beyond","volume":"6","author":"KM Lenz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1325","article-title":"Sexual differentiation of the vertebrate nervous system","volume":"7","author":"JA Morris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-01-00040.1985","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic regions in the medial preoptic area and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the guinea pig brain: a description and an investigation of their relationship to gonadal steroids in adulthood","volume":"5","author":"M Hines","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-10-01142.1981","article-title":"The influence of gonadectomy, androgen exposure, or a gonadal graft in the neonatal rat on the volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area","volume":"1","author":"CD Jacobson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20558","article-title":"Partial demasculinization of several brain regions in adult male (XY) rats with a dysfunctional androgen receptor gene","volume":"487","author":"JA Morris","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1996.0042","article-title":"Nature needs nurture: the interaction of hormonal and social influences on the development of behavioral sex differences in rhesus monkeys","volume":"30","author":"K Wallen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.09.014","article-title":"Control of masculinization of the brain and behavior","volume":"21","author":"MV Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115455","article-title":"Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism","volume":"310","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.11.004","article-title":"Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: methods and findings","volume":"29","author":"CC Cohen-Bendahan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"397","article-title":"Spatial cognition in humans: possible modulation by androgens and estrogens","volume":"20","author":"E Hampson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80081-X","article-title":"Sex, sexual orientation and sex hormones influence human cognitive function","volume":"6","author":"D Kimura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.021100593","article-title":"Effects of perinatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins on play behavior in Dutch children at school age","volume":"110","author":"HJ Vreugdenhil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306533","article-title":"Behavioral Sexual Dimorphism in School-Age Children and Early Developmental Exposure to Dioxins and PCBs: A Follow-Up Study of the Duisburg Cohort","volume":"122","author":"G Winneke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2013.04.008","article-title":"Developmental effects of perinatal exposure to PBDE and PCB on gene expression in sexually dimorphic rat brain regions and female sexual behavior","volume":"188","author":"O Faass","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00579-0","article-title":"Effects of neonatal polychlorinated biphenyl exposure on female sexual behavior","volume":"74","author":"Y Chung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(02)00673-X","article-title":"Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls affects sexual behavior of rats","volume":"75","author":"XQ Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3109\/19396360903443658","article-title":"Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Male Reproduction","volume":"56","author":"JD Meeker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800134","article-title":"Lower serum testosterone associated with elevated polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in Native American men","volume":"117","author":"A Goncharov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.04.005","article-title":"Environmental exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls reduce levels of gonadal hormones in newborns: Results from the Duisburg cohort study","volume":"211","author":"Y Cao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738060210101601","article-title":"Topical Review: Fetal Testosterone and Sex Differences in Typical Social Development and in Autism","volume":"21","author":"RC Knickmeyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01837709","article-title":"Die \u201eAutistischen Psychopathen\u201d im Kindesalter","volume":"117","author":"H Asperger","year":"1944","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0772-x","article-title":"The Children\u2019s Empathy Quotient and Systemizing Quotient: Sex Differences in Typical Development and in Autism Spectrum Conditions","volume":"39","author":"B Auyeung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1206","article-title":"The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences","volume":"358","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00","article-title":"The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences","volume":"34","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1348\/000712608X311731","article-title":"Fetal testosterone and autistic traits","volume":"100","author":"B Auyeung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-1-11","article-title":"Foetal testosterone and autistic traits in 18 to 24-month-old children","volume":"1","author":"B Auyeung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen S, Auyeung B, N\u00f8rgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM, Abdallah MW, Melgaard L, et al. Elevated fetal steroidogenic activity in autism. Mol Psychiatry. 2014 Jun 3. <comment>doi: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2014.48\" xlink:type=\"simple\">10.1038\/mp.2014.48<\/ext-link><\/comment>","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.48"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00181.x","article-title":"The 2nd to 4th digit ratio and autism","volume":"43","author":"JT Manning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(99)00359-8","article-title":"Decrease of PCDD\/F levels in human blood from Germany over the past ten years (1989\u20131998)","volume":"40","author":"J Wittsiepe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2007.11.002","article-title":"The Duisburg birth cohort study: Influence of the prenatal exposure to PCDD\/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs on thyroid hormone status in newborns and neurodevelopment of infants until the age of 24 months","volume":"659","author":"M Wilhelm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.709375","article-title":"Prenatal and Early Life Exposure to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Dibenzofurans and Biphenyls May Influence Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Levels at Prepubertal Age: Results from the Duisburg Birth Cohort Study","volume":"75","author":"A Rennert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2014.09.005","article-title":"The influence of low level pre- and perinatal exposure to PCDD\/Fs, PCBs, and lead on attention performance and attention-related behavior among German school-aged children: Results from the Duisburg Birth Cohort Study","volume":"218","author":"J Neugebauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"ref69","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6lmerich A. Empathy\/Systemizing Quotient (EQ-SQ) (Child)\u2013Deutsch. 2011. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.autismresearchcentre.com\/arc_tests\" xlink:type=\"simple\">www.autismresearchcentre.com\/arc_tests<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"The Social Responsiveness Scale","author":"JN Constantino","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS)","author":"JN Constantino","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Skala zur Erfassung sozialer Reaktivit\u00e4t (SRS)","author":"S B\u00f6lte","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.05.118","article-title":"PCDD\/F and dioxin-like PCB in human blood and milk from German mothers","volume":"67","author":"J Wittsiepe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.49","article-title":"Assessing autistic traits: cross-cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS)","volume":"1","author":"S B\u00f6lte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1024-9","article-title":"Autistic Traits and Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Clinical Validity of Two Measures Presuming a Continuum of Social Communication Skills","volume":"41","author":"S B\u00f6lte","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.040196","article-title":"Efficacy of three screening instruments in the identification of autistic-spectrum disorders","volume":"191","author":"T Charman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025014929212","article-title":"Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised","volume":"33","author":"JN Constantino","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1178-0","article-title":"Brief Report: Excellent Agreement Between Two Brief Autism Scales (Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder and Social Responsiveness Scale) Completed Independently by Parents and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised","volume":"41","author":"MJ Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e318157cb23","article-title":"Rapid quantitative assessment of autistic social impairment by classroom teachers","volume":"46","author":"JN Constantino","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Wechsler Intelligenztest f\u00fcr Erwachsene (WIE)","author":"U Tewes","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(92)90054-E","article-title":"Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on behavior of monkeys in peer groups","volume":"14","author":"SL Schantz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(02)00094-2","article-title":"Foetal testosterone and eye contact in 12-month-old human infants","volume":"25","author":"S Lutchmaya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(02)00087-5","article-title":"Foetal testosterone and vocabulary size in 18- and 24-month-old infants","volume":"24","author":"S Lutchmaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2005.08.010","article-title":"Fetal testosterone and empathy","volume":"49","author":"R Knickmeyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00349.x","article-title":"Foetal testosterone, social relationships, and restricted interests in children","volume":"46","author":"R Knickmeyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Psychol & Psychiat"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910600992239","article-title":"Fetal testosterone and empathy: Evidence from the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the \u201cReading the Mind in the Eyes\u201d","volume":"1","author":"E Chapman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Test. Soc Neurosci"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02260","article-title":"Foetal testosterone and the child systemizing quotient","volume":"155","author":"B Auyeung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02279.x","article-title":"Fetal testosterone predicts sexually differentiated childhood behavior in girls and in boys","volume":"20","author":"B Auyeung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-011-9864-8","article-title":"Effects of Fetal Testosterone on Visuospatial Ability","volume":"41","author":"B Auyeung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00368-1","article-title":"Effect of highly bioaccumulated polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on estrogen and androgen receptor activity","volume":"158","author":"EC Bonefeld-J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2002.9371","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls interfere with androgen-induced transcriptional activation and hormone binding","volume":"179","author":"CL Portigal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.15.3181","article-title":"The length and location of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor N-terminal domain affect transactivation function","volume":"22","author":"NL Chamberlain","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(03)00052-7","article-title":"The second to fourth digit ratio and variation in the androgen receptor gene","volume":"24","author":"JT Manning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evol Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2006.07.002","article-title":"Prenatal Aroclor 1254 exposure and brain sexual differentiation: Effect on the expression of testosterone metabolizing enzymes and androgen receptors in the hypothalamus of male and female rats","volume":"22","author":"A Colciago","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.10.010","article-title":"Androgen receptor CAG repeat length modifies the effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on receptor activity in human prostate cells","volume":"35","author":"C Bj\u00f6rk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2011.06.075","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants have dose and CAG repeat length dependent effects on androgen receptor activity in vitro","volume":"32","author":"C Bj\u00f6rk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.12.007","article-title":"Possible association between the androgen receptor gene and autism spectrum disorder","volume":"34","author":"S Henningsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerdivel G, Habauzit D, Pakdel F. Assessment and Molecular Actions of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals That Interfere with Estrogen Receptor Pathways. Int J Endocrinol. 2013. <comment>doi: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/501851\" xlink:type=\"simple\">10.1155\/2013\/501851<\/ext-link><\/comment>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/501851"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.5.7530","article-title":"Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated PCB metabolites: a novel pathway explaining the estrogenic activity of PCBs","volume":"141","author":"MH Kester","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8311","article-title":"Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters","volume":"87","author":"MH Kester","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1552","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacts with estrogen receptor alpha and orphan receptors COUP-TFI and ERRalpha1","volume":"373","author":"CM Klinge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.10.044","article-title":"Common classification schemes for PCB congeners and the gene expression of CYP17, CYP19, ESR1 and ESR2","volume":"414","author":"J Warner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.80","article-title":"Genes related to sex steroids, neural growth, and social-emotional behavior are associated with autistic traits, empathy, and Asperger syndrome","volume":"2","author":"B Chakrabarti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2012.08.005","article-title":"The cerebellum as a target for estrogen action","volume":"33","author":"VL Hedges","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-012-0355-9","article-title":"Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism","volume":"11","author":"SH Fatemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.05.137","article-title":"Disrupting effects of hydroxy-polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners on neuronal development of cerebellar Purkinje cells: A possible causal factor for developmental brain disorders?","volume":"67","author":"J Kimura-Kuroda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.07.009","article-title":"Is retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-alpha (RORA) a target for gene\u2013environment interactions contributing to autism?","volume":"33","author":"VW Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.73","article-title":"Gene expression profiling differentiates autism case-controls and phenotypic variants of autism spectrum disorders: evidence for circadian rhythm dysfunction in severe autism","volume":"2","author":"VW Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-154484","article-title":"Global methylation profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals epigenetic contributions to autism spectrum disorders and a novel autism candidate gene, RORA, whose protein product is reduced in autistic brain","volume":"24","author":"A Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-14","article-title":"Genome-wide identification of transcriptional targets of RORA reveals direct regulation of multiple genes associated with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"4","author":"T Sarachana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarachana T, Xu M, Wu R, Hu VW, Mattson M. Sex Hormones in Autism: Androgens and Estrogens Differentially and Reciprocally Regulate RORA, a Novel Candidate Gene for Autism. PLoS ONE. 2011 Feb 16. <comment>doi: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0017116\" xlink:type=\"simple\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0017116<\/ext-link><\/comment>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017116"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-39","article-title":"Differential recruitment of coregulators to the RORA promoter adds another layer of complexity to gene (dys) regulation by sex hormones in autism","volume":"4","author":"T Sarachana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(96)90033-1","article-title":"Effects of gestational and lactational exposure to TCDD or coplanar PCBs on spatial learning","volume":"18","author":"S Schantz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1995.1081","article-title":"Spatial Learning Deficits in Adult Rats Exposed to ortho-Substituted PCB Congeners during Gestation and Lactation","volume":"26","author":"S Schantz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2013.07.003","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites is associated with motor development of three-month-old infants","volume":"38","author":"SA Berghuis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901015","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Organohalogens, Including Brominated Flame Retardants, Influences Motor, Cognitive, and Behavioral Performance at School Age","volume":"117","author":"E Roze","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright DB, Skagerberg EM. Measuring empathizing and systemizing with a large US sample. PLoS ONE. 2012. <comment>doi: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0031661\" xlink:type=\"simple\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0031661<\/ext-link><\/comment>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031661"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x","article-title":"Another advanced test of theory of mind: evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or asperger syndrome","volume":"38","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01539.x","article-title":"Are people with autism and Asperger syndrome faster than normal on the Embedded Figures Test?","volume":"38","author":"T Jolliffe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0129906","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T17:13:31Z","timestamp":1566839611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0129906"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David O.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0129906","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]}}}