{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:43:36Z","timestamp":1782312216983,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,24]],"date-time":"2015-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,24]],"date-time":"2015-06-24T18:30:04Z","timestamp":1435170604000},"page":"e0131068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Autophagy-Associated Atrophy and Metabolic Remodeling of the Mouse Diaphragm after Short-Term Intermittent Hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Giordano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lemaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. John","family":"Kimoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basil J.","family":"Petrof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L129","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00089.2014","article-title":"The polymorphic and contradictory aspects of intermittent hypoxia","volume":"307","author":"I Almendros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2010.02.013","article-title":"Is hypoxia training good for muscles and exercise performance?","volume":"52","author":"M Vogt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00190208","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle dysfunction in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"35","author":"M-Y Chien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10010133","article-title":"Lack of evidence for diaphragmatic fatigue over the course of the night in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"10","author":"JM Montserrat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200612-1771OC","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis","volume":"175","author":"V Savransky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.6.2758","article-title":"A model of sleep-disordered breathing in the C57BL\/6J mouse","volume":"91","author":"Y Tagaito","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"671","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"CA Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"NatMethods"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Imaging of neutral lipids by oil red O for analyzing the metabolic status in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"A Mehlem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Protoc. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-0982OC","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid accumulation in the human diaphragm during mechanical ventilation","volume":"186","author":"M Picard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E762","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90226.2008","article-title":"Calpain activity and muscle wasting in sepsis","volume":"295","author":"IJ Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-010-0919-9","article-title":"The role and regulation of MAFbx\/atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"461","author":"VC Foletta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1291","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00531.2009","article-title":"Autophagy in health and disease. 3. Involvement of autophagy in muscle atrophy","volume":"298","author":"M Sandri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2013.076828","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species mediated diaphragm fatigue in a rat model of chronic intermittent hypoxia","volume":"99","author":"CM Shortt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200905-0671OC","article-title":"Effects of exposure to intermittent hypoxia on oxidative stress and acute hypoxic ventilatory response in humans","volume":"180","author":"V Pialoux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C226","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00430.2010","article-title":"Hypoxia. 1. Intracellular sensors for oxygen and oxidative stress: novel therapeutic targets","volume":"300","author":"T Miyata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00166-09","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced autophagy is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor induction of BNIP3 and BNIP3L via their BH3 domains","volume":"29","author":"G Bellot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.02.014","article-title":"Intermittent-hypoxia induced autophagy attenuates contractile dysfunction and myocardial injury in rat heart","volume":"1832","author":"H Maeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta\u2014Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-234302","article-title":"Muscle uncoupling protein 3 overexpression mimics endurance training and reduces circulating biomarkers of incomplete \u03b2-oxidation","volume":"27","author":"C Aguer","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08010.x","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative stress causes mitochondrial fragmentation via differential modulation of mitochondrial fission-fusion proteins","volume":"278","author":"S Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.08.026","article-title":"Perilipins: lipid droplet coat proteins adapted for tissue-specific energy storage and utilization, and lipid cytoprotection","volume":"96","author":"C Sztalryd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.4.817","article-title":"Skeletal muscle lipid content and oxidative enzyme activity in relation to muscle fiber type in type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"50","author":"J He","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-011-1057-8","article-title":"Muscle endurance and mitochondrial function after chronic normobaric hypoxia: contrast of respiratory and limb muscles","volume":"463","author":"JL Gamboa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-7648-3-19","article-title":"Skeletal muscle energy metabolism in environmental hypoxia: climbing towards consensus","volume":"3","author":"JA Horscroft","year":"2014","journal-title":"Extrem Physiol Med. BioMed Central Ltd"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-228486","article-title":"Autophagy is required for exercise training-induced skeletal muscle adaptation and improvement of physical performance","volume":"27","author":"VA Lira","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2014.2254","article-title":"A simplified immunohistochemical classification of skeletal muscle fibres in mouse","volume":"58","author":"M Kammoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Differential sensitivity of oxidative and glycolytic muscles to hypoxia-induced muscle atrophy","author":"CC De Theije","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.240952","article-title":"Sprint interval and traditional endurance training increase net intramuscular triglyceride breakdown and expression of perilipin 2 and 5","volume":"591","author":"SO Shepherd","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91675","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091675","article-title":"Skeletal muscle perilipin 3 and coatomer proteins are increased following exercise and are associated with fat oxidation","volume":"9","author":"JD Covington","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-11-10","article-title":"The pivotal role of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases in metabolic flexibility","volume":"11","author":"S Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00598.2010","article-title":"Endurance training-induced accumulation of muscle triglycerides is coupled to upregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1","volume":"109","author":"P Dobrzyn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2012.064592","article-title":"Preferential utilization of perilipin 2-associated intramuscular triglycerides during 1 h of moderate-intensity endurance-type exercise","volume":"97","author":"SO Shepherd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.142","article-title":"Intramuscular lipid metabolism, insulin action, and obesity","volume":"61","author":"LA Consitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5755","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8075","article-title":"Skeletal muscle lipid content and insulin resistance: evidence for a paradox in endurance-trained athletes","volume":"86","author":"BH Goodpaster","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"663","article-title":"Lipid accumulation of hypoxic tissue culture cells","volume":"88","author":"GB Gordon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12617","article-title":"Fatty acid biosynthesis from glutamate and glutamine is specifically induced in neuronal cells under hypoxia","volume":"129","author":"SA Brose","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00149","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and non-alcoholic Fatty liver disease: is the liver another target?","volume":"3","author":"AE Mirrakhimov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.05.045","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced fatty acid transporter translocation increases fatty acid transport and contributes to lipid accumulation in the heart","volume":"580","author":"A Chabowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000229665.78997.0b","article-title":"Hypoxia converts human macrophages into triglyceride-loaded foam cells","volume":"26","author":"P Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00019913","article-title":"Visceral white fat remodelling contributes to intermittent hypoxia-induced atherogenesis","volume":"43","author":"L Poulain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.01.183","article-title":"Lipid synthesis is promoted by hypoxic adipocyte-derived exosomes in 3T3-L1 cells","volume":"445","author":"S Sano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.178533","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia are attenuated by deficiency of stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase","volume":"103","author":"V Savransky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.01.025","article-title":"Nutrient deprivation induces the Warburg effect through ROS\/AMPK-dependent activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase","volume":"1833","author":"C-A Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta\u2014Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101470","article-title":"Hexokinase 2 is a key mediator of aerobic glycolysis and promotes tumor growth in human glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"208","author":"A Wolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.12.004","article-title":"Flicking the Warburg switch-tyrosine phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase regulates mitochondrial activity in cancer cells","volume":"44","author":"A Schulze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2014.04.016","article-title":"Hypoxia differentially regulates muscle oxidative fiber type and metabolism in a HIF-1\u03b1-dependent manner","volume":"26","author":"IGM Slot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2007.01794.x","article-title":"Combined effects of hypoxia and endurance training on lipid metabolism in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"193","author":"O Galb\u00e8s","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.04.023","article-title":"Disconnecting mitochondrial content from respiratory chain capacity in PGC-1-deficient skeletal muscle","volume":"3","author":"GC Rowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.3.1341","article-title":"Respiratory muscle fatigue resistance relates to myosin phenotype and SDH activity during development","volume":"75","author":"JF Watchko","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.5.2196","article-title":"Effects of undernutrition on diaphragm fiber size, SDH activity, and fatigue resistance","volume":"66","author":"GC Sieck","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00079810","article-title":"Chronic hypoxia increases rat diaphragm muscle endurance and sodium-potassium ATPase pump content","volume":"37","author":"C McMorrow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2783-8","article-title":"Hypoxia refines plasticity of mitochondrial respiration to repeated muscle work","volume":"114","author":"D Desplanches","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.01.047","article-title":"HIF-1 regulates cytochrome oxidase subunits to optimize efficiency of respiration in hypoxic cells","volume":"129","author":"R Fukuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-109","article-title":"Effect of acute hypoxia on respiratory muscle fatigue in healthy humans","volume":"11","author":"S Verges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.449bk.x","article-title":"Chemo-mechanical energy transduction in relation to myosin isoform composition in skeletal muscle fibres of the rat","volume":"502","author":"C Reggiani","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27255","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.374629","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex II can generate reactive oxygen species at high rates in both the forward and reverse reactions","volume":"287","author":"CL Quinlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155413490947","article-title":"Diaphragm muscle remodeling in a rat model of chronic intermittent hypoxia","volume":"61","author":"CM Shortt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.6.2508","article-title":"Selected Contribution: Improved anoxic tolerance in rat diaphragm following intermittent hypoxia","volume":"90","author":"TL Clanton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0131068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T17:36:57Z","timestamp":1566927417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0131068"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,24]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0131068","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,24]]}}}