{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T21:57:12Z","timestamp":1776895032508,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T18:05:12Z","timestamp":1440525912000},"page":"e0132226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["3D Topography of the Young Adult Anal Sphincter Complex Reconstructed from Undeformed Serial Anatomical Sections"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noshir F.","family":"Dabhoiwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaco","family":"Hagoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Lu","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Wen","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin-Ji","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shao-Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wouter H.","family":"Lamers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"252","article-title":"Studies in the Anatomy of the Pelvis, with Special Reference to the Fasciae and Visceral Supports: Part II","volume":"42","author":"GE Smith","year":"1908","journal-title":"J Anat Physiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000128906.61529.6b","article-title":"Levator ani muscle anatomy evaluated by origin-insertion pairs","volume":"104","author":"R Kearney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000189084.82449.fc","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and 3-dimensional analysis of external anal sphincter anatomy","volume":"106","author":"Y Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"288","article-title":"Pelvic anatomy. II. Anal canal and associated sphincters","volume":"54","author":"JO Lawson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.197.3.7480737","article-title":"Anal sphincter complex: endoanal MR imaging of normal anatomy","volume":"197","author":"SM Hussain","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"412","article-title":"A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. The external anal sphincter: a triple-loop system","volume":"12","author":"A Shafik","year":"1975","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1996.tb00834.x","article-title":"Issues in anatomy: the external anal sphincter revisited","volume":"66","author":"N Bogduk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5540","article-title":"Histological identification of fascial structures posterolateral to the rectum","volume":"94","author":"Y Kinugasa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1996.96236280","article-title":"The visible human male: a technical report","volume":"3","author":"V Spitzer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.b.10035","article-title":"Creation of the Chinese visible human data set","volume":"275","author":"SX Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anat Rec B New Anat"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-003-0188-9","article-title":"Visualization of the temporal bone of the Chinese Visible Human","volume":"26","author":"MG Qiu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(1996)9:4<227::AID-CA2>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Rotation cryotomy: medical and scientific value of a new serial sectioning procedure","volume":"9","author":"A Kathrein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.051086","article-title":"The interactive presentation of 3D information obtained from reconstructed datasets and 3D placement of single histological sections with the 3D portable document format","volume":"138","author":"BA de Boer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.22.2.g02mr25295","article-title":"Practical MR imaging of female pelvic floor weakness","volume":"22","author":"JR Fielding","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.01.022","article-title":"Assessment of levator ani morphology and function in asymptomatic nulliparous women via static and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"121","author":"XR Cai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-0262-1","article-title":"Pelvic floor images: anatomy of the levator ani muscle","volume":"50","author":"M Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"423","article-title":"On the Levator Ani, or Ischio-Anal Muscle of Ungulates, with Special Reference to its Morphology","volume":"33","author":"P Thompson","year":"1899","journal-title":"J Anat Physiol"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"571","article-title":"The anterior fibres of the levator ani muscle in man","volume":"128","author":"SF Ayoub","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"255","article-title":"A reappraisal of the anatomy of the levator ani muscle in man","volume":"26","author":"FM Bustami","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Morphol Neerl Scand"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"57","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the female lower urinary tract and pelvic floor","volume":"151","author":"JO DeLancey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ciba Found Symp"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"709","article-title":"Further studies in gynecological anatomy and related clinical problems","volume":"74","author":"A Curtis","year":"1942","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(1997)10:4<223::AID-CA1>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Tomographical anatomy of the pelvis, pelvic floor, and related structures","volume":"10","author":"B Frohlich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Standring S (2009) Gray&apos;s Anatomy, 40th Edition."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318163a9a5","article-title":"Structure of the perineal membrane in females: gross and microscopic anatomy","volume":"111","author":"TA Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e318202388f","article-title":"Anatomical reevaluation of the anococcygeal ligament and its surgical relevance","volume":"54","author":"Y Kinugasa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2012.53.4.849","article-title":"Anococcygeal raphe revisited: a histological study using mid-term human fetuses and elderly cadavers","volume":"53","author":"Y Kinugasa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800590909","article-title":"Anatomy of the external anal sphincter","volume":"59","author":"C Oh","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6144-x","article-title":"Anal sphincter complex: reinterpreted morphology and its clinical relevance","volume":"45","author":"H Fritsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18004317707","article-title":"The surgical anatomy of the anal canal","volume":"43","author":"JC Goligher","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-1323.2001.01956.x","article-title":"Prospective study of open preperitoneal mesh repair for recurrent inguinal hernia","volume":"89","author":"M Kurzer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62521-7","article-title":"In situ anatomical study of the male urethral sphincteric complex: relevance to continence preservation following major pelvic surgery","volume":"160","author":"AL Burnett","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000124106.16505.df","article-title":"An anatomical description of the male and female urethral sphincter complex","volume":"171","author":"S Yucel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0627-7","article-title":"Denonvilliers&apos; fascia lies anterior to the fascia propria and rectal dissection plane in total mesorectal excision","volume":"48","author":"I Lindsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-003-0031-8","article-title":"The rectogenital septum: morphology, function, and clinical relevance","volume":"47","author":"F Aigner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.02.021","article-title":"Dynamics of female pelvic floor function using urodynamics, ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)","volume":"144","author":"CE Constantinou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.051","article-title":"Recent advances in assessing anorectal structure and functions","volume":"133","author":"AE Bharucha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01782.x","article-title":"Functional morphology of anal sphincter complex unveiled by high definition anal manometery and three dimensional ultrasound imaging","volume":"23","author":"V Raizada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000099169","article-title":"Definition of total mesorectal excision, including the perineal phase: technical considerations","volume":"25","author":"K Havenga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"8496","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91510-2","article-title":"Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer","volume":"1","author":"RJ Heald","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181a8f75c","article-title":"Denonvilliers&apos; fascia in women and its relationship with the fascia propria of the rectum examined by successive slices of celloidin-embedded pelvic viscera","volume":"52","author":"L-D Zhai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.10034","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the female perineal body with relevance to obstetrical injury and repair","volume":"15","author":"PJ Woodman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.06.008","article-title":"Perineal body anatomy in living women: 3-dimensional analysis using thin-slice magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"203","author":"KA Larson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9064-8","article-title":"A novel concept for the surgical anatomy of the perineal body","volume":"50","author":"A Shafik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.10.038","article-title":"New insights into the pelvic organ support framework","volume":"166","author":"T Tansatit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140736","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]],"date-time":"2015-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444348800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132226","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T23:27:46Z","timestamp":1588980466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132226"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"John","family":"Souglakos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132226","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140736","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]]}}}