{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:30:26Z","timestamp":1787495426685,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T14:09:27Z","timestamp":1436882967000},"page":"e0132778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["What Is Threatening the Effectiveness of Insecticide-Treated Bednets? A Case-Control Study of Environmental, Behavioral, and Physical Factors Associated with Prevention Failure"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Obala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith Nekesa","family":"Mangeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Aswa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Namae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Prudhomme O'Meara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2014. Geneva: 2014."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"2010 Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey","year":"2011"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70194-3","article-title":"Malaria morbidity and pyrethroid resistance after the introduction of insecticide-treated bednets and artemisinin-based combination therapies: a longitudinal study","volume":"11","author":"JF Trape","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20318","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020318","article-title":"Changing patterns of malaria epidemiology between 2002 and 2010 in Western Kenya: the fall and rise of malaria","volume":"6","author":"G Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0678","article-title":"A reversal in reductions of child mortality in western Kenya, 2003\u20132009","volume":"85","author":"MJ Hamel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101167","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101167","article-title":"Malaria transmission in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau between 1995 and 2012: malaria resurgence did not negatively affect mortality","volume":"9","author":"J Ursing","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-435","article-title":"Increasing incidence of malaria in children despite insecticide-treated bed nets and prompt anti-malarial therapy in Tororo, Uganda","volume":"11","author":"P Jagannathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2003","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-62","article-title":"Anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in western Nyanza Province, Kenya","volume":"9","author":"MN Bayoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"9649","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61655-4","article-title":"Effect of a fall in malaria transmission on morbidity and mortality in Kilifi, Kenya","volume":"372","author":"WP O'Meara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-75","article-title":"Malaria paediatric hospitalization between 1999 and 2008 across Kenya","volume":"7","author":"EA Okiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025949","article-title":"Spatial distribution of bednet coverage under routine distribution through the public health sector in a rural district in Kenya","volume":"6","author":"WP O'Meara","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000363.pub2","article-title":"Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria","author":"C Lengeler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1998.00282.x","article-title":"Seasonal density, sporozoite rates and entomological inoculation rates of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in a high-altitude sugarcane growing zone in Western Kenya","volume":"3","author":"JI Shililu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Malaria Entomology and Vector Control; Learner&apos;s Guide. Geneva: 2003 Contract No.: WHO\/CDS\/CPE\/SMT\/2002.18 Rev.1 Part 1."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","first-page":"302","article-title":"A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide","volume":"3","author":"WS Abbott","year":"1925","journal-title":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90103-2","article-title":"Evidence for a mass community effect of insecticide-treated bednets on the incidence of malaria on the Kenyan coast","volume":"94","author":"SC Howard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040229","article-title":"Preventing Childhood Malaria in Africa by Protecting Adults from Mosquitoes with Insecticide-Treated Nets","volume":"4","author":"GF Killeen","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.2000.10485982","article-title":"Regression by leaps and bounds","volume":"42","author":"GM Furnival","year":"2000","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080549","article-title":"Impacts of agricultural practices on insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"8","author":"SA Abuelmaali","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02025.x","article-title":"Dynamics of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. from an area of extensive cotton cultivation in Northern Cameroon","volume":"13","author":"M Chouaibou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.617","article-title":"The role of agricultural use of insecticides in resistance to pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Burkina Faso","volume":"67","author":"A Diabate","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.01.005","article-title":"Multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus from Benin, West Africa","volume":"101","author":"V Corbel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2012.10.006","article-title":"Impact of environment on mosquito response to pyrethroid insecticides: facts, evidences and prospects","volume":"43","author":"TE Nkya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Insect biochemistry and molecular biology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-28","article-title":"Insecticide resistance mechanisms associated with different environments in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: a case study in Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"TE Nkya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-60","article-title":"Cotton pest management practices and the selection of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae population in northern Benin","volume":"4","author":"A Yadouleton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-103","article-title":"Development of vegetable farming: a cause of the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of Anopheles gambiae in urban areas of Benin","volume":"8","author":"AW Yadouleton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.45.1.371","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in insect vectors of human disease","volume":"45","author":"J Hemingway","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annual review of entomology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1179\/136485910X12607012374154","article-title":"Effects of seasonality and irrigation on malaria transmission in two villages in Cote d&apos;Ivoire","volume":"104","author":"BG Koudou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.90","article-title":"Enhanced development in nature of larval Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes feeding on maize pollen","volume":"63","author":"Y Ye-Ebiyo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-251","article-title":"Agro-ecology, household economics and malaria in Uganda: empirical correlations between agricultural and health outcomes","volume":"13","author":"B Wielgosz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-216","article-title":"Transcriptome response to pollutants and insecticides in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing technology","volume":"11","author":"JP David","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC genomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2006.02.004","article-title":"Involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the response of mosquito larvae to dietary plant xenobiotics","volume":"36","author":"JP David","year":"2006","journal-title":"Insect biochemistry and molecular biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2009.03.005","article-title":"Impact of glyphosate and benzo[a]pyrene on the tolerance of mosquito larvae to chemical insecticides. Role of detoxification genes in response to xenobiotics","volume":"93","author":"MA Riaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxicology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2008.01.004","article-title":"Cross-induction of detoxification genes by environmental xenobiotics and insecticides in the mosquito Aedes aegypti: Impact on larval tolerance to chemical insecticides","volume":"38","author":"R Poupardin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Insect biochemistry and molecular biology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-310","article-title":"Pyrethroid susceptibility of malaria vectors in four Districts of western Kenya","volume":"7","author":"E Ochomo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-368","article-title":"The efficacy of long-lasting nets with declining physical integrity may be compromised in areas with high levels of pyrethroid resistance","volume":"12","author":"EO Ochomo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-265","article-title":"A method of active case detection to target reservoirs of asymptomatic malaria and gametocyte carriers in a rural area in Southern Province, Zambia","volume":"9","author":"GH Stresman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001467","article-title":"Targeting asymptomatic malaria infections: active surveillance in control and elimination","volume":"10","author":"HJ Sturrock","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-364","article-title":"Entomological determinants of insecticide-treated bed net effectiveness in Western Myanmar","volume":"12","author":"FM Smithuis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-125","article-title":"Biting by Anopheles funestus in broad daylight after use of long-lasting insecticidal nets: a new challenge to malaria elimination","volume":"13","author":"S Sougoufara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0485","article-title":"Malaria risk factors in Dielmo, a Senegalese malaria-endemic village, between October and November of 2013: a case-control study","volume":"92","author":"AN Wotodjo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-185","article-title":"Long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net ownership and use among children under five years of age following a targeted distribution in central Uganda","volume":"13","author":"H Wanzira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-452","article-title":"Accessibility, availability and utilisation of malaria interventions among women of reproductive age in Kilosa district in central Tanzania","volume":"14","author":"SF Rumisha","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC health services research"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2014.17.263.3927","article-title":"Ownership and utilisation of long lasting insecticide treated nets following free distribution campaign in South West Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"SA Aderibigbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Pan African medical journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97496","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097496","article-title":"Recalculating the net use gap: a multi-country comparison of ITN use versus ITN access","volume":"9","author":"H Koenker","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-265","article-title":"Evaluation of the coverage and effective use rate of long-lasting insecticidal nets after nation-wide scale up of their distribution in Benin","volume":"6","author":"FT Tokponnon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037927","article-title":"Household possession and use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets in Sierra Leone 6 months after a national mass-distribution campaign","volume":"7","author":"A Bennett","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.137","article-title":"Factors affecting use of permethrin-treated bed nets during a randomized controlled trial in western Kenya","volume":"68","author":"JA Alaii","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-183","article-title":"A stitch in time: a cross-sectional survey looking at long lasting insecticide-treated bed net ownership, utilization and attrition in SNNPR, Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"E Batisso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0318","article-title":"Community coverage with insecticide-treated mosquito nets and observed associations with all-cause child mortality and malaria parasite infections","volume":"91","author":"DA Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-113","article-title":"Insecticide-treated net (ITN) ownership, usage, and malaria transmission in the highlands of western Kenya","volume":"4","author":"HE Atieli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref53","first-page":"1691","article-title":"Increased pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and decreased bed net effectiveness, Burkina Faso","volume":"20","author":"KH Toe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.120218","article-title":"Loss of household protection from use of insecticide-treated nets against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, benin","volume":"18","author":"A Asidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001619","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001619","article-title":"The impact of pyrethroid resistance on the efficacy of insecticide-treated bed nets against African anopheline mosquitoes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"C Strode","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-57","article-title":"A need for better housing to further reduce indoor malaria transmission in areas with high bed net coverage","volume":"6","author":"DW Lwetoijera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.676","article-title":"New evidence of the effects of agro-ecologic change on malaria transmission","volume":"73","author":"A Kebede","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru129","article-title":"Individual and household factors associated with use of insecticide treated nets in southern Ethiopia","volume":"108","author":"W Deressa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-406","article-title":"Predictors of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net ownership and utilization: evidence from community-based cross-sectional comparative study, Southwest Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"LD Sena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2012.09.004","article-title":"Determinants of long-lasting insecticidal net use in Burkina Faso after a mass distribution in the Diebougou health district","volume":"61","author":"Ouedraogo L Tinoaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revue d'epidemiologie et de sante publique"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235015","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/235015","article-title":"Determinants of ownership and utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria control in eastern ethiopia","volume":"2012","author":"S Biadgilign","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of tropical medicine"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-57","article-title":"Community-based environmental management for malaria control: evidence from a small-scale intervention in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"MC Castro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70268-1","article-title":"Reducing the burden of malaria in different eco-epidemiological settings with environmental management: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"J Keiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132778","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T20:55:44Z","timestamp":1599252944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132778"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132778","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]}}}