{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:01:52Z","timestamp":1790895712163,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]],"date-time":"2015-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]],"date-time":"2015-07-24T18:17:41Z","timestamp":1437761861000},"page":"e0133570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Identifying Subgroups among Hardcore Smokers: a Latent Profile Approach"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Bommel\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marloes","family":"Kleinjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim M.","family":"Schoenmakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Burk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"van den Eijnden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dike","family":"van de Mheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2009 Implementing smoke-free environments [Internet]","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03565.x","article-title":"Predictors of attempts to stop smoking and their success in adult general population samples: a systematic review","volume":"106","author":"E Vangeli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq103","article-title":"\u201cHardcore\u201d definitions and their application to a population-based sample of smokers","volume":"12","author":"ML Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.3.387","article-title":"Characterizing and identifying \u201chard-core\u201d smokers: implications for further reducing smoking prevalence","volume":"90","author":"S Emery","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220021000060428","article-title":"Hardening and the hard-core smoker: concepts, evidence, and implications","volume":"5","author":"K Warner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.039743","article-title":"Hardcore smokers in a challenging tobacco control environment: the case of Missouri","volume":"20","author":"A Sorg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2008.08.023","article-title":"Computer-tailored health interventions delivered over the web: Review and analysis of key components [Internet]","author":"MLA Lustria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Patient Education and Counseling"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(94)00069-B","article-title":"An empirical typology of subjects within stage of change","volume":"20","author":"WF Velicer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(99)00054-4","article-title":"Cluster subtypes within stage of change in a representative sample of smokers","volume":"25","author":"GJ Norman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.08.002","article-title":"Replication of subtypes for smoking cessation within the precontemplation stage of change","volume":"31","author":"MD Anatchkova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.03.041","article-title":"Identifying cluster subtypes for the prevention of adolescent smoking acquisition","volume":"32","author":"WF Velicer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(99)00073-8","article-title":"Clusters of precontemplating smokers defined by the perception of the pros, cons, and self-efficacy","volume":"25","author":"A Dijkstra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.51.3.390","article-title":"Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change","volume":"51","author":"JO Prochaska","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/h0088437","article-title":"Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change","volume":"19","author":"JO Prochaska","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychother Theory, Res Pract"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-175","article-title":"Perceived pros and cons of smoking and quitting in hard-core smokers: a focus group study","volume":"14","author":"J Bommel\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7398.1061","article-title":"Prevalence of hardcore smoking in England, and associated attitudes and beliefs: cross sectional study","volume":"326","author":"MJ Jarvis","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200050147547","article-title":"Who gets what symptom? Effects of psychiatric cofactors and nicotine dependence on patterns of smoking withdrawal symptomatology","volume":"2","author":"CS Pomerleau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-008-0640-x","article-title":"Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine craving and accomplishment with a smoking cessation program","volume":"159","author":"A Riemerth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2011.05.005","article-title":"Feelings of vulnerability in response to threatening messages: Effects of self-affirmation","volume":"47","author":"WMP Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol. Elsevier B.V"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200410001727876","article-title":"Use of the current population survey to characterize subpopulations of continued smokers: a national perspective on the \u201chardcore\u201d smoker phenomenon","volume":"6","author":"E Augustson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstr\u00f6m Tolerance Questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"TF Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.05.023","article-title":"The Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence in a Dutch sample of daily smokers and ex-smokers","volume":"30","author":"JM Vink","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440008402009","article-title":"Self-efficacy expectations with regard to different tasks in smoking cessation","volume":"15","author":"A Dijkstra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/15.4.423","article-title":"Subtypes of precontemplating smokers defined by different long-term plans to change their smoking behavior","volume":"15","author":"A Dijkstra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide","author":"LK Muth\u00e9n","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02070.x","article-title":"Integrating Person-Centered and Variable-Centered Analyses: Growth Mixture Modeling With Latent Trajectory Classes","volume":"24","author":"B Muthen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2307\/2347790","article-title":"On Bootstrapping the Likelihood Ratio Test Stastistic for the Number of Components in a Normal Mixture","volume":"36","author":"GJ McLachlan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl Stat"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"H Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Automat Contr"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","article-title":"Estimating the Dimension of a Model","volume":"6","author":"G Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2007.08.005","article-title":"Developing coping typologies of minority adolescents: a latent profile analysis","volume":"31","author":"AA Aldridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"71","article-title":"The development of physical aggression from toddlerhood to pre-adolescence: a nation wide longitudinal study of Canadian children","volume":"34","author":"SM C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-196","article-title":"Predicting nicotine dependence profiles among adolescent smokers: the roles of personal and social-environmental factors in a longitudinal framework","volume":"12","author":"M Kleinjan","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health. BioMed Central Ltd"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.9.1670","article-title":"Disabilities, Quality of Life, and Mental Disorders Associated With Smoking and Nicotine Dependence","volume":"160","author":"N Schmitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.2.215","article-title":"Self-exempting beliefs about smoking and health: differences between smokers and ex-smokers","volume":"83","author":"S Chapman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.12.010","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 rationalizations to continue smoking: the role of disengagement beliefs and nicotine dependence in smoking cessation","volume":"34","author":"M Kleinjan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict Behav. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"CD000146","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation","author":"LF Stead","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.070256","article-title":"Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"179","author":"MJ Eisenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"CD006936","article-title":"Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation","author":"DT Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0141347300006583","article-title":"Motivational Interviewing with Problem Drinkers","volume":"11","author":"WR Miller","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behav Psychother"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/18.2.156","article-title":"Understanding the potential of teachable moments: The case of smoking cessation","volume":"18","author":"CM McBride","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200600789726","article-title":"Does smoking reduction increase future cessation and decrease disease risk? A qualitative review","volume":"8","author":"JR Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.3.371","article-title":"Both smoking reduction with nicotine replacement therapy and motivational advice increase future cessation among smokers unmotivated to quit","volume":"72","author":"MJ Carpenter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Seybert H. Internet use in households and by individuals in 2012. Eurostat Stat Focus. 2012; 1\u20138. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/cache\/ITY_OFFPUB\/KS-SF-12-050\/EN\/KS-SF-12-050-EN.PDF\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/cache\/ITY_OFFPUB\/KS-SF-12-050\/EN\/KS-SF-12-050-EN.PDF<\/ext-link>"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0133570","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]],"date-time":"2018-10-20T12:21:51Z","timestamp":1540038111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0133570"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Raymond","family":"Niaura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0133570","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]]}}}