{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:15:38Z","timestamp":1780676138924,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]],"date-time":"2015-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]],"date-time":"2015-08-07T18:17:05Z","timestamp":1438971425000},"page":"e0135340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Anti-Retroviral Lectins Have Modest Effects on Adherence of Trichomonas vaginalis to Epithelial Cells In Vitro and on Recovery of Tritrichomonas foetus in a Mouse Vaginal Model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Aparajita","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Ratner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry R.","family":"O\u2019Keefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Evan","family":"Secor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillips W.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Samuelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282f3d999","article-title":"Global epidemiology and control of <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic>","volume":"21","author":"VJ Johnston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.8755-8920.2001.450507.x","article-title":"Bovine trichomoniasis as a model for development of vaccines against sexually-transmitted disease","volume":"45","author":"LB Corbeil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0123","article-title":"Murine models of vaginal trichomonad infections","volume":"85","author":"ER Cobo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1573","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001573","article-title":"Extensive genetic diversity, unique population structure and evidence of genetic exchange in the sexually transmitted parasite <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic>","volume":"6","author":"MD Conrad","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1086\/526496","article-title":"<italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> infection and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition in African women","volume":"197","author":"B Van Der Pol","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008","volume":"40","author":"CL Satterwhite","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2015.01.004","article-title":"The biology of <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> in the light of urogenital tract infection","volume":"198","author":"G Kusdian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000128","article-title":"<italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> origins, molecular pathobiology and clinical considerations","volume":"28","author":"RP Hirt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1806.111590","article-title":"<italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> antimicrobial drug resistance in 6 US cities, STD Surveillance Network, 2009\u20132010","volume":"18","author":"RD Kirkcaldy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.07.050","article-title":"Current status and prospects for development of a vaccine against <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> infections","volume":"32","author":"J Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2209","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303573110","article-title":"Antibody to a conserved antigenic target is protective against diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens","volume":"110","author":"C Cywes-Bentley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det423","article-title":"Combining a synthetic spermicide with a natural trichomonacide for safe, prophylactic contraception","volume":"29","author":"A Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0510161","article-title":"<italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic>: current understanding of host-parasite interactions","volume":"51","author":"CM Ryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01244-12","article-title":"<italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> contact-dependent cytolysis of epithelial cells","volume":"81","author":"G Lustig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01121.x","article-title":"Signalling of <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> for amoeboid transformation and adhesion synthesis follows cytoadherence","volume":"7","author":"R Arroyo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00611-12","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> following adherence to fibronectin","volume":"80","author":"KY Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1707","article-title":"The actin-based machinery of <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> mediates flagellate-amoeboid transition and migration across host tissue","volume":"15","author":"G Kusdian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003482","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003482","article-title":"<italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> exosomes deliver cargo to host cells and mediate host\u2236parasite interactions","volume":"9","author":"O Twu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8179","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321884111","article-title":"<italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces prostate cell growth, invasiveness, and inflammatory responses","volume":"111","author":"O Twu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-008-9157-1","article-title":"Structural details and composition of <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> lipophosphoglycan in relevance to the epithelial immune function","volume":"26","author":"BN Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glycoconj J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40494","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.280578","article-title":"Chemical structure of <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> surface lipoglycan: a role for short galactose (\u03b21-4\/3) N-acetylglucosamine repeats in host cell interaction","volume":"286","author":"CM Ryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01190.x","article-title":"Galectin-1 on cervical epithelial cells is a receptor for the sexually transmitted human parasite <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic>","volume":"10","author":"CY Okumura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137R","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwl025","article-title":"Galectin-1: a small protein with major functions","volume":"16","author":"I Camby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.11.1951-1958.2005","article-title":"<italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> lipophosphoglycan mutants have reduced adherence and cytotoxicity to human ectocervical cells","volume":"4","author":"FD Bastida-Corcuera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017789","article-title":"Adherence of <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> to cell culture monolayers","volume":"5","author":"MG Martinotti","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409460102","article-title":"The diversity of dolichol-linked precursors to Asn-linked glycans likely results from secondary loss of sets of glycosyltransferases","volume":"102","author":"J Samuelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"11676","article-title":"Evolution of quality control of protein-folding in the ER lumen","volume":"104","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13421","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905818106","article-title":"Darwinian selection for sites of Asn-liked glycosylation in phylogenetically disparate eukaryotes and viruses","volume":"106","author":"J Cui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M000022-MCP201","article-title":"Proteome analysis of the surface of <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> reveals novel proteins and strain-dependent differential expression","volume":"9","author":"N de Miguel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2004.04.010","article-title":"Oligosaccharide and glycoprotein microarrays as tools in HIV glycobiology; glycan-dependent gp120\/protein interactions","volume":"11","author":"EW Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006498107","article-title":"Envelope glycans of immunodeficiency virions are almost entirely oligomannose antigens","volume":"107","author":"KJ Doores","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"37","article-title":"Mass spectrometry of <italic>N<\/italic>-linked glycans","volume":"534","author":"P Azadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4433-6_2","article-title":"Antiviral immune responses by human langerhans cells and dendritic cells in HIV-1 infection","volume":"762","author":"LM van den Berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00789.x","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin and innate immunity","volume":"230","author":"WK Ip","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.06.015","article-title":"Mannose binding lectin (MBL) and HIV","volume":"42","author":"X Ji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.07.016","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin is produced by vaginal epithelial cells and its level in the vaginal fluid is influenced by progesterone","volume":"48","author":"R Bulla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7306","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.14.7306-7321.2002","article-title":"The broadly neutralizing anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody 2G12 recognizes a cluster of alpha1\u21922 mannose residues on the outer face of gp120","volume":"76","author":"CN Scanlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1707","article-title":"Targeting the glycans of glycoproteins: a novel paradigm for antiviral therapy","volume":"5","author":"J Balzarini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6099","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901506106","article-title":"Scaleable manufacture of HIV-1 entry inhibitor griffithsin and validation of its safety and efficacy as a topical microbicide component","volume":"106","author":"BR O'Keefe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22635","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022635","article-title":"Investigation of griffithsin&apos;s interactions with human cells confirms its outstanding safety and efficacy profile as a microbicide candidate","volume":"6","author":"JC Kouokam","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6257","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00012-13","article-title":"Griffithsin protects mice from genital herpes by preventing cell-to-cell spread","volume":"87","author":"B Nixon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64449","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064449","article-title":"Antiviral lectins from red and blue-green algae show potent in vitro and in vivo activity against hepatitis C virus","volume":"8","author":"Y Takebe","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.8.2518-2525.2003","article-title":"Potent anti-influenza activity of cyanovirin-N and interactions with viral hemagglutinin","volume":"47","author":"BR O'Keefe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwp184","article-title":"Antibodies against Manalpha1,2-Manalpha1,2-Man oligosaccharide structures recognize envelope glycoproteins from HIV-1 and SIV strains","volume":"20","author":"RJ Luallen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod57.4.847","article-title":"Generation of papillomavirus-immortalized cell lines from normal human ectocervical, endocervical, and vaginal epithelium that maintain expression of tissue-specific differentiation proteins","volume":"57","author":"RN Fichorova","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.10.001","article-title":"Development of an <italic>in vitro<\/italic> alternative assay method for vaginal irritation","volume":"279","author":"S Ayehunie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132894","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of the sexually transmitted pathogen <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic>","volume":"315","author":"JM Carlton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.4.1407-1409.2003","article-title":"<italic>In vitro<\/italic> metronidazole and tinidazole activities against metronidazole-resistant strains of <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic>","volume":"47","author":"AL Crowell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.329-341.2002","article-title":"Methods for cultivation of luminal parasitic protists of clinical importance","volume":"15","author":"CG Clark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00041-09","article-title":"Using morpholinos for gene knockdown in <italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/italic>","volume":"8","author":"ML Carpenter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051105","article-title":"<italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> virulence factors: an integrative overview","volume":"89","author":"RP Hirt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051052","article-title":"The villain team-up or how <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> and bacterial vaginosis alter innate immunity in concert","volume":"89","author":"RN Fichorova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.004358-0","article-title":"Cyanovirin-N potently inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in cellular and cervical explant models","volume":"90","author":"V Buffa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-6-5","article-title":"Heterologous expression in <italic>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/italic> of functional <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> AP65 adhesin","volume":"6","author":"AS Kucknoor","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.07.004","article-title":"Synergistic activity profile of griffithsin in combination with tenofovir, maraviroc and enfuvirtide against HIV-1 clade C","volume":"417","author":"G F\u00e9rir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.06.056","article-title":"Expression, purification, and evaluation of recombinant LecA as a candidate for an amebic colitis vaccine","volume":"32","author":"L Barroso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.126","article-title":"\u03911-giardin based live heterologous vaccine protects against <italic>Giardia lamblia<\/italic> infection in a murine model","volume":"29","author":"G Jenikova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000218871.89901.61","article-title":"Development of a nonhuman primate model for <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic> infection","volume":"33","author":"DL Patton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2011.00488.x","article-title":"Development of a pigtail macaque model of sexually transmitted infection\/HIV coinfection using <italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/italic>, <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic>, and SHIV (SF162P3)","volume":"40","author":"T Henning","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Primatol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu240","article-title":"Increased susceptibility to vaginal simian\/human immunodeficiency virus transmission in pig-tailed macaques coinfected with <italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/italic> and <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/italic>","volume":"210","author":"TR Henning","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0135340","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T02:51:36Z","timestamp":1540349496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0135340"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rodney","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0135340","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]}}}