{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:04:05Z","timestamp":1785877445172,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T17:54:34Z","timestamp":1441907674000},"page":"e0137105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["A National Study on Nurses\u2019 Exposure to Occupational Violence in Lebanon: Prevalence, Consequences and Associated Factors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Alameddine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yara","family":"Mourad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Dimassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2007.05.018","article-title":"The escalating trend of violence toward nurses","volume":"34","author":"T Whelan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3912\/OJIN.Vol9No03Man06","article-title":"Workplace violence in health care: recognized but not regulated","volume":"9","author":"KM McPhaul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Online J Issues Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2004.00807.x","article-title":"Aggression towards health care staff in a UK general hospital: variation among professions and departments","volume":"13","author":"S Winstanley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2009.11.007","article-title":"Violence in the emergency department: a national survey of emergency medicine residents and attending physicians","volume":"40","author":"M Behnam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2010.03342.x","article-title":"A systematic review of the literature: workplace violence in the emergency department","volume":"20","author":"JL Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"A systematic review of the literature: workplace violence in the emergency department","author":"JL Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaen.2003.11.003","article-title":"Violence towards emergency department nurses by patients","volume":"12","author":"J Crilly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accid Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.7748\/nm.6.8.5.s8","article-title":"High risk of violence against nurses","volume":"6","author":"R Carter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nurs Manag (Harrow)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-1767(00)90092-8","article-title":"Attitudes of emergency nurses regarding patient assaults","volume":"26","author":"L Erickson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01284.x","article-title":"Aggression and violence in health care professions","volume":"31","author":"TJ Rippon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","first-page":"365","article-title":"Workplace abuse: finding solutions","volume":"25","author":"K Christmas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nurs Econ"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2009.03118.x","article-title":"Perceived aggression towards nurses: study in two Italian health institutions","volume":"19","author":"A Zampieron","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/00001786-200610000-00014","article-title":"Examination of incidents of workplace verbal abuse against nurses","volume":"21","author":"G Oztunc","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nurs Care Qual"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6198.2009.00125.x","article-title":"Violence against female student nurses in the workplace","volume":"44","author":"PA Hinchberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nurs Forum"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02583.x","article-title":"Horizontal violence: experiences of Registered Nurses in their first year of practice","volume":"42","author":"BG McKenna","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NUMA.0000262925.77680.e0","article-title":"Leveling horizontal violence","volume":"38","author":"J Longo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nurs Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01300.x","article-title":"Insights of nurses about assault in hospital-based emergency departments","volume":"30","author":"PF Levin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Image J Nurs Sch"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.L7132","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of workplace violence of health care workers in a psychiatric hospital in Taiwan","volume":"50","author":"WC Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.O7001","article-title":"Workplace violence directed at nursing staff at a general hospital in southern Thailand","volume":"50","author":"C Kamchuchat","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.15.4.262","article-title":"Violence and verbal abuse against staff in accident and emergency departments: a survey of consultants in the UK and the Republic of Ireland","volume":"15","author":"MG Jenkins","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Accid Emerg Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12027","article-title":"Violence experienced by nurses at six university hospitals in Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Atan \u015e \u00dcnsal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5430\/jha.v2n4p31","article-title":"Addressing health workers' exposure to violence at Lebanese emergency departments: What do the stakeholders think?","volume":"2","author":"M Alameddine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Administration"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2006.03956.x","article-title":"Scoping workplace aggression in nursing: findings from an Australian study","volume":"55","author":"GA Farrell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.10.010","article-title":"Workplace violence: a survey of emergency physicians in the state of Michigan","volume":"46","author":"T Kowalenko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-172X.2006.00571.x","article-title":"Workplace violence in Queensland, Australia: the results of a comparative study","volume":"12","author":"D Hegney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Pract"},{"issue":"545","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3399\/096016407782604848","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of occupational violence and aggression towards GPs: a cross-sectional study","volume":"57","author":"S Koritsas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.046789","article-title":"A pilot study of workplace violence towards paramedics","volume":"24","author":"M Boyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2008.17.20.45121","article-title":"Consequences of workplace violence directed at nurses","volume":"18","author":"R Chapman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2007.00548.x","article-title":"Verbal and physical abuse against nurses in Turkey","volume":"54","author":"SS Celik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2003.007294","article-title":"An epidemiological study of the magnitude and consequences of work related violence: the Minnesota Nurses' Study","volume":"61","author":"SG Gerberich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/0267837021000058650","article-title":"Anxiety, burnout and coping styles in general hospital staff exposed to workplace aggression: a cyclical model of burnout and vulnerability to aggression","volume":"16","author":"S Winstanley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref32","article-title":"Behaving badly? Joint Commission issues alert aimed at improving workplace culture, patient care","volume":"40","author":"S Trossman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Nurse"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref33","first-page":"243","article-title":"Work-related violence among female employees in a university hospital in Alexandria: An epidemiologic study","volume":"9","author":"MS Moustafa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of American Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2190\/NS.23.2.f","article-title":"Workplace violence prevention: improving front-line health-care worker and patient safety","volume":"23","author":"JA Lipscomb","year":"2013","journal-title":"NEW SOLUTIONS"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2004.11.005","article-title":"Jordanian nurses perception of physicians' verbal abuse: findings from a questionnaire survey","volume":"42","author":"A Oweis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8510(02)00142-2","article-title":"Workplace violence in Alberta and British Columbia hospitals","volume":"63","author":"KL Hesketh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-172X.2003.00431.x","article-title":"Workplace violence in nursing in Queensland, Australia: a self-reported study","volume":"9","author":"D Hegney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nurses' experiences and understanding of workplace violence in a trauma and emergency department in South Africa","volume":"18","author":"M Kennedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health SA Gesondheid (Online)"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7489(01)00050-5","article-title":"Violence against nurses in healthcare facilities in Kuwait","volume":"39","author":"SM Adib","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-199912000-00005","article-title":"Violence against doctors: 1. A study of violence against doctors in accident and emergency departments","volume":"6","author":"KS Al-Sahlawi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-199912000-00006","article-title":"Violence against doctors: 2. Effects of violence on doctors working in accident and emergency departments","volume":"6","author":"MA Zahid","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659613493330","article-title":"Psychological violence in the workplace among Jordanian hospital nurses","volume":"25","author":"RF AbuAlRub","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Transcult Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12059","article-title":"Workplace violence against nurses in emergency departments in Jordan","volume":"60","author":"M Albashtawy","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Nursing Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659610395769","article-title":"Physical violence in the workplace among Jordanian hospital nurses","volume":"22","author":"RF AbuAlRub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Transcultural Nursing"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2007.00181.x","article-title":"Workplace violence among Iraqi hospital nurses","volume":"39","author":"RF AbuAlRub","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260509334395","article-title":"Violence against primary health care workers in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"AH El-Gilany","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Workplace Violence in the Health Sector, Lebanon Country Case Study","author":"Deeb Mary","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.010","article-title":"Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying and sexual harassment: A quantitative review","volume":"51","author":"PE Spector","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.11-0102-OA","article-title":"Occupational violence at lebanese emergency departments: prevalence, characteristics and associated factors","volume":"53","author":"M Alameddine","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual","author":"C Maslach","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAQ.0000278934.03750.38","article-title":"Countering workplace aggression: an urban tertiary care institutional exemplar","volume":"31","author":"S Phillips","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nurs Adm Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01322.x","article-title":"Implementation and evaluation of a practical intervention programme for dealing with violence towards health care workers","volume":"31","author":"JE Arnetz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2007.10.012","article-title":"Migration of Lebanese nurses: a questionnaire survey and secondary data analysis","volume":"45","author":"F El-Jardali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6955-8-3","article-title":"A national cross-sectional study on nurses' intent to leave and job satisfaction in Lebanon: implications for policy and practice","volume":"8","author":"F El-Jardali","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7489(01)00050-5","article-title":"Violence against nurses in healthcare facilities in Kuwait","volume":"39","author":"SM Adib","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2702.2000.00401.x","article-title":"Nurses' perceptions of the nature and frequency of aggression in general ward settings and high dependency areas","volume":"9","author":"B O'Connell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.O7001","article-title":"Workplace violence directed at nursing staff at a general hospital in southern Thailand","volume":"50","author":"C Kamchuchat","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659603014003010","article-title":"Report of workplace violence by Hispanic nurses","volume":"14","author":"C Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Transcult Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892005000700006","article-title":"Physical and psychological violence in Jamaica's health sector","volume":"18","author":"M Jackson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"184","article-title":"Workplace Violence and Abuse Against Nurses in Hospitals in Iran Asian Nursing Research","author":"M Shoghil","year":"2008"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2012.05967.x","article-title":"Patient and visitor violence in the general hospital, occurrence, staff interventions and consequences: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"68","author":"S Hahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of advanced nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref62","first-page":"6","article-title":"Prevalence of workplace violence against nurses in Hong Kong","volume":"12","author":"RP Kwok","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2006.01.001","article-title":"Violence at the workplace\u2014a questionnaire survey of nurses","volume":"21","author":"D Merecz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref64","first-page":"81","article-title":"Perceptions and experiences of nurses in Turkey about verbal abuse in clinical settings","volume":"35","author":"O Uzun","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6198.2010.00185.x","article-title":"Concept analysis: nurse-to-nurse lateral violence","volume":"45","author":"JL Embree","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nurs Forum"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/00005110-200112000-00008","article-title":"RN internship: outcomes of a one-year pilot program","volume":"31","author":"PC Beecroft","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nurs Adm"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2001.01802.x","article-title":"From tall poppies to squashed weeds*: why don't nurses pull together more?","volume":"35","author":"GA Farrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02728.x","article-title":"Bullying in the nursing profession","volume":"43","author":"J Randle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"ref69","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/216507990805600201","article-title":"Ensuring nurses' safety in violent workplaces","volume":"56","author":"MA Gallant-Roman","year":"2008","journal-title":"AAOHN J"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref71","first-page":"119","article-title":"Workplace violence and corporate policy for health care settings","volume":"23","author":"PT Clements","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nurs Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref72","first-page":"81","article-title":"Violence against nurses working in US emergency departments","volume":"26","author":"J Gacki-Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Healthc Prot Manage"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0137105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T01:39:01Z","timestamp":1718069941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0137105"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Koustuv","family":"Dalal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0137105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]}}}