{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:53:39Z","timestamp":1776927219099,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T14:45:27Z","timestamp":1442587527000},"page":"e0138070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Novel Reading Scheme for Assessing the Extent of Radiographic Abnormalities and Its Association with Disease Severity in Sputum Smear-Positive Tuberculosis: An Observational Study in Hyderabad\/India"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zarko","family":"Grozdanovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis C.","family":"Berrocal Almanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surabhi","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tilman E.","family":"Klassert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Driesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viktoriya","family":"Tokaryeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne Yi-Na","family":"L\u00f6schmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gadamm","family":"Sumanlatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niyaz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijayalakshmi","family":"Valluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf R.","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Lala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hortense","family":"Slevogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report. 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/gtbr14_main_text.pdf?ua=1\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/gtbr14_main_text.pdf?ua=1<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Systematic screening for active tuberculosis 2013. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/Final_TB_Screening_guidelines.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/Final_TB_Screening_guidelines.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.02.045","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 1 variations influence susceptibility and immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"95","author":"N Dittrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Standards for TB care in India 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/gtbr14_main_text.pdf?ua=1\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/gtbr14_main_text.pdf?ua=1<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00107412","article-title":"Scoring systems using chest radiographic features for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in adults: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"LM Pinto","year":"2013","journal-title":"The European respiratory journal"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"115","article-title":"Results of the international study on x-ray classification","volume":"41","author":"J Nyboe","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bulletin of the International Union against Tuberculosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54235","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054235","article-title":"Development of a simple reliable radiographic scoring system to aid the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"LM Pinto","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/003693309003500505","article-title":"Inter-observer variation in interpretation of chest X-rays","volume":"35","author":"NJ Shaw","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scottish medical journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","first-page":"365","article-title":"Pathogenesis of post primary tuberculosis: immunity and hypersensitivity in the development of cavities","volume":"44","author":"RL Hunter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of clinical and laboratory science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12252","article-title":"Heterogeneity in tuberculosis pathology, microenvironments and therapeutic responses","volume":"264","author":"A Lenaerts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunological reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2011.03.007","article-title":"Pathology of post primary tuberculosis of the lung: an illustrated critical review","volume":"91","author":"RL Hunter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(03)00255-5","article-title":"Lung function in patients with chronic airflow obstruction due to tuberculous destroyed lung","volume":"97","author":"JH Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respiratory medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12020351","article-title":"Influence of antimicrobial chemotherapy on spirometric parameters and pro-inflammatory indices in severe pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"ML Plit","year":"1998","journal-title":"The European respiratory journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","first-page":"27","article-title":"Airways obstruction in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"47","author":"G Birath","year":"1966","journal-title":"Scand J Respir Dis"},{"issue":"3, Part 1","key":"ref15","first-page":"333","article-title":"Studies on the impairment of respiratory function in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"71","author":"H Anno","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am Rev Tuberc"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(89)80031-9","article-title":"Chronic obstructive airways disease following treated pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"83","author":"PA Willcox","year":"1989","journal-title":"Respiratory medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref17","first-page":"1500","article-title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis, impaired lung function, disability and quality of life in a high-burden setting","volume":"13","author":"GP Maguire","year":"2009","journal-title":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.94.2.316","article-title":"Chest roentgenogram in pulmonary tuberculosis. New data on an old test","volume":"94","author":"PF Barnes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18474","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018474","article-title":"Weight variation over time and its association with tuberculosis treatment outcome: a longitudinal analysis","volume":"6","author":"A Bernabe-Ortiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","first-page":"211","article-title":"Malnutrition and the severity of lung disease in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi","volume":"8","author":"M Van Lettow","year":"2004","journal-title":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200511-1834OC","article-title":"Lack of weight gain and relapse risk in a large tuberculosis treatment trial","volume":"174","author":"A Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136242","article-title":"A simple, valid, numerical score for grading chest x-ray severity in adult smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"65","author":"AP Ralph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.4.9609143","article-title":"Chest radiographic findings in patients with tuberculosis with recent or remote infection","volume":"156","author":"BE Jones","year":"1997","journal-title":"American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rti.0000213590.29472.ce","article-title":"High-resolution CT findings in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: correlation with the degree of smear positivity","volume":"22","author":"F Ors","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of thoracic imaging"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01780-07","article-title":"Cavitary disease and quantitative sputum bacillary load in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"45","author":"M Palaci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(98)90297-9","article-title":"Radiographic spectrum of adult pulmonary tuberculosis in a developed country","volume":"92","author":"JT Wilcke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Respiratory medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078926","article-title":"A novel scoring system to measure radiographic abnormalities and related spirometric values in cured pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"R Baez-Saldana","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"The imaging spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis","author":"L Cardinale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta radiologica"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.22.2740","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic correlates of primary and reactivation tuberculosis: a molecular epidemiology study","volume":"293","author":"E Geng","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Ministry of Health India. Technical and operational guidelines for Tuberculosis control 2005. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/tbcindia.nic.in\/pdfs\/Technical&Operational guidelinesforTB Control.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/tbcindia.nic.in\/pdfs\/Technical&amp;Operational guidelinesforTB Control.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Ministry of Health India. Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)-Training module for general practitioners 2010. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/tbcindia.nic.in\/pdfs\/TrainingModuleforMedicalPractitioners.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/tbcindia.nic.in\/pdfs\/TrainingModuleforMedicalPractitioners.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines 4th ed. 2010. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44165\/1\/9789241547833_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44165\/1\/9789241547833_eng.pdf?ua=1&amp;ua=1<\/ext-link>. Accessed July 2013."},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Rieder HL, Deun AV, Kam KM, Kim SJ, Chonde TM, Tr\u00e9bucq A, et al. Priorities for Tuberculosis Bacteriology Services in Low-Income Countries. 2006. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.tbrieder.org\/publications\/books_english\/red_book.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.tbrieder.org\/publications\/books_english\/red_book.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90018-V","article-title":"Bias, prevalence and kappa","volume":"46","author":"T Byrt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of clinical epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"8982","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91748-9","article-title":"Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting difference against standard method is misleading","volume":"346","author":"JM Bland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040297","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration","volume":"4","author":"JP Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"9729","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60580-6","article-title":"Age and the epidemiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis","volume":"375","author":"PR Donald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref39","first-page":"21","article-title":"Cavitary pulmonary disease","author":"LB Gadkowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110919","article-title":"Regulation of neutrophils by interferon-gamma limits lung inflammation during tuberculosis infection","volume":"208","author":"B Nandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of experimental medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.01.007","article-title":"Radiographic improvement and its predictors in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"EY Heo","year":"2009","journal-title":"International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.833-836.2003","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the extracellular compartment: an underestimated adversary","volume":"47","author":"J Grosset","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70071-2","article-title":"Sputum monitoring during tuberculosis treatment for predicting outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"DJ Horne","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0983","article-title":"Chronic airway obstruction after successful treatment of tuberculosis and its impact on quality of life","volume":"19","author":"IL de la Mora","year":"2015","journal-title":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80302","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080302","article-title":"High morbidity during treatment and residual pulmonary disability in pulmonary tuberculosis: under-recognised phenomena","volume":"8","author":"AP Ralph","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref46","first-page":"1059","article-title":"The value of end-of-treatment chest radiograph in predicting pulmonary tuberculosis relapse","volume":"12","author":"CD Hamilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.102176","article-title":"Role of therapeutic thoracentesis in tuberculous pleural effusion","volume":"7","author":"S Bhuniya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of thoracic medicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T17:03:02Z","timestamp":1540227782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138070"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Hoshino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]}}}