{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T21:35:18Z","timestamp":1778535318057,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]],"date-time":"2015-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]],"date-time":"2015-09-30T17:58:24Z","timestamp":1443635904000},"page":"e0138092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Strategies for Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Based on Risk Stratification by the ACC\/AHA Lipid Guidelines, ATP III Guidelines, Coronary Calcium Scoring, and C-Reactive Protein, and a Global Treat-All Strategy: A Comparative--Effectiveness Modeling Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Benjamin Z.","family":"Galper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y. Claire","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Einstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"R Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1201534","article-title":"Measuring the Global Burden of Disease","volume":"369","author":"C Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.645473","article-title":"Implications of cardiac risk and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol distributions in the United States for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia: data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2002","volume":"115","author":"JG Keevil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E","article-title":"Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines","volume":"110","author":"SM Grundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr158","article-title":"ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)","volume":"32","author":"Z Reiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00004","article-title":"Optimizing statin treatment for primary prevention of coronary artery disease","volume":"152","author":"RA Hayward","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"2889","article-title":"ACC\/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"63","author":"NJ Stone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"2935","article-title":"2013 ACC\/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"63","author":"DC Goff Jr.","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.2.210","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals","volume":"291","author":"P Greenland","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807646","article-title":"Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein","volume":"359","author":"PM Ridker","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.849166","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk Prediction: Basic Concepts, Current Status, and Future Directions","volume":"121","author":"DM Lloyd-Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60784-8","article-title":"Associations between C-reactive protein, coronary artery calcium, and cardiovascular events: implications for the JUPITER population from MESA, a population-based cohort study","volume":"378","author":"MJ Blaha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3485","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3485","article-title":"Prediction model to estimate presence of coronary artery disease: retrospective pooled analysis of existing cohorts","volume":"344","author":"TS Genders","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2H","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.03.002","article-title":"From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient\u2014Part III: Executive summary of the Screening for Heart Attack Prevention and Education (SHAPE) Task Force report","volume":"98","author":"M Naghavi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-009-9139-0","article-title":"The Texas Heart Attack Prevention Bill mandating coverage for CAD screening tests","volume":"16","author":"GA Beller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Oliveria G, Gallego, Lucio. (2009) Relating to health benefit plan coverage for bariatric surgery and for certain tests for the early detection of cardiovascular disease. H.B. 1290, 81st Reg. Sess. (Tex. 2009).(Sec. 1376.003 (b))."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000125690.80303.A8","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of very high and very low levels of C-reactive protein across the full range of Framingham Risk Scores","volume":"109","author":"PM Ridker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-4-200902170-00005","article-title":"Comparing impact and cost-effectiveness of primary prevention strategies for lipid-lowering","volume":"150","author":"MJ Pletcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.041293","article-title":"Using Stress Testing to Guide Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease among Intermediate-Risk Patients: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis","volume":"125","author":"BZ Galper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.423","article-title":"Healthy men should not take statins","volume":"307","author":"RF Redberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.425","article-title":"Statin therapy for healthy men identified as &quot;increased risk&quot;","volume":"307","author":"MJ Blaha","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.07.059","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of C-reactive protein testing and Rosuvastatin treatment for patients with normal cholesterol levels","volume":"57","author":"NK Choudhry","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.05.056","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computed tomography screening for coronary artery calcium in asymptomatic individuals","volume":"58","author":"BJ van Kempen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.947960","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein to identify intermediate- and low-cardiovascular-risk individuals for statin therapy","volume":"122","author":"KK Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.11.061","article-title":"The distribution of 10-Year risk for coronary heart disease among US adults: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III","volume":"43","author":"ES Ford","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Available <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.mesa-nhlbi.org\/Calcium\/input.aspx\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.mesa-nhlbi.org\/Calcium\/input.aspx<\/ext-link> Accessed 1 July 2014."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000080289.72166.CF","article-title":"Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and the calculated Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score","volume":"108","author":"MA Albert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.162","article-title":"Coronary artery calcification screening: estimated radiation dose and cancer risk","volume":"169","author":"KP Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. (2008) Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Final Report (2002). NIH Publication No. 02\u20135215. Bethesda, MD: National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143","article-title":"Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Final Report","volume":"106","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"2013 Report on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: Full Work Group Report Supplement. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/circ.ahajournals.org\/content\/suppl\/2013\/11\/07\/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98.DC1.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/circ.ahajournals.org\/content\/suppl\/2013\/11\/07\/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98.DC1.html<\/ext-link> Accessed 1 July 2014."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16895-5","article-title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"364","author":"HM Colhoun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60104-X","article-title":"Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis","volume":"371","author":"PM Kearney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1315665","article-title":"Application of new cholesterol guidelines to a population-based sample","volume":"370","author":"MJ Pencina","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Health Cost and Utilization Project","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"United States Population Projections. (2010) Available <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.census.gov\/population\/projections\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.census.gov\/population\/projections\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 22 July 2012."},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Physician fee schedule payment amount file national\/carrier. (2009) Washington, DC. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services."},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"The Relative-Based Resource Value Scale. Available <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/resources\/doc\/psa\/payment-options.pdf#page=29\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/resources\/doc\/psa\/payment-options.pdf#page=29<\/ext-link> Accessed 18 March 2014."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60503-1","article-title":"Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomized trials","volume":"373","author":"C Baigent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"2010 Red Book: Pharmacy&apos;s Fundamental Reference","author":"NJ Montvale"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00007","article-title":"Aspirin, statins, or both drugs for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease events in men: a cost-utility analysis","volume":"144","author":"M Pignone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.10.001","article-title":"ACCF\/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain","volume":"49","author":"P Greenland","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1383","article-title":"Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)","volume":"344","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4804(03)00167-7","article-title":"Evaluating health utility in patients with melanoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, and lung cancer: a nationwide, population-based assessment","volume":"114","author":"CY Ko","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20694","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of imatinib versus interferon-alpha plus moderate-dose cytarabine for patients with newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia","volume":"101","author":"SD Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Clinical laboratory fee schedule payment amount file national\/carrier. (2009) Washington, DC. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52C","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.12.010","article-title":"Statin safety: a systematic review","volume":"97","author":"M Law","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050461","article-title":"Intensive Lipid Lowering with Atorvastatin in Patients with Stable Coronary Disease","volume":"352","author":"JC LaRosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.19.2437","article-title":"High-Dose Atorvastatin vs. Usual-Dose Simvastatin for Secondary Prevention After Myocardial Infarction The IDEAL Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"294","author":"TR Pedersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040583","article-title":"Intensive versus Moderate Lipid Lowering with Statins after Acute Coronary Syndromes","volume":"350","author":"CP Cannon","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.13.1711","article-title":"Effects of Atorvastatin on Early Recurrent Ischemic Events in Acute Coronary Syndromes The MIRACL Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"285","author":"GG Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"1772","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes in Managed-Care Patients With Coronary Heart Disease Treated Aggressively in Lipid-Lowering Disease Management Clinics: The ALLIANCE Study","volume":"44","author":"MJ Koren","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.860","article-title":"Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis","volume":"305","author":"D Preiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61965-6","article-title":"Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials","volume":"375","author":"N Sattar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8727(00)00061-1","article-title":"Quality of life associated with diabetes mellitus in an adult population","volume":"14","author":"GC Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CARD.0000015861.26111.ab","article-title":"A Comprehensive Description of Muscle Symptoms Associated with Lipid-Lowering Drugs","volume":"17","author":"S Franc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1161\/hc5001.100794","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of coronary stenting in acute myocardial infarction: results from the stent primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction (stent-PAMI) trial","volume":"104","author":"DJ Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"2304","article-title":"ACC\/AHA statement on cost\/value methodology in clinical practice guidelines and performance measures: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"63","author":"JL Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Health Risks From Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191650","article-title":"Ionizing radiation in cardiac imaging: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiac Imaging of the Council on Clinical Cardiology and Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention of the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention","volume":"119","author":"TC Gerber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200208001-00014","article-title":"Estimating health care costs related to cancer treatment from SEER-Medicare data","volume":"40","author":"ML Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743963","article-title":"Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention to reduce ischemic burden: results from the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial nuclear substudy","volume":"117","author":"LJ Shaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.958744","article-title":"Trends in coronary revascularization in the United States from 2001 to 2009: recent declines in percutaneous coronary intervention volumes","volume":"4","author":"RF Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.6.535","article-title":"Incremental prognostic value of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography for the prediction of cardiac death: differential stratification for risk of cardiac death and myocardial infarction","volume":"97","author":"R Hachamovitch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000072790.23090.41","article-title":"Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography","volume":"107","author":"R Hachamovitch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2006.019331","article-title":"The economic burden of complications during percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"16","author":"KM Jacobson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.23147","article-title":"Economic outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents versus bypass surgery for patients with left main or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: One-year results from the SYNTAX trial","volume":"79","author":"DJ Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.77.11.1417","article-title":"Forecasting coronary heart disease incidence, mortality, and cost: the Coronary Heart Disease Policy Model","volume":"77","author":"MC Weinstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g3743","article-title":"Non-cardiovascular effects associated with statins","volume":"349","author":"CS Desai","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200211000-00031","article-title":"Benefit and harm of low-dose aspirin in well-treated hypertensives at different baseline cardiovascular risk","volume":"20","author":"A Zanchetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31828124ad","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u2013 2013 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association","volume":"127","author":"AS Go","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.624890","article-title":"Risks associated with statin therapy: a systemic overview of randomized clinical trials","volume":"114","author":"A Kashai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-005-5686-z","article-title":"Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients- the PRIMO study","volume":"19","author":"E Bruckert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1405158","article-title":"Updating cost-effectiveness\u2014the curious resilience of the $50,000-per-QALY threshold","volume":"371","author":"PJ Neumann","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000071","article-title":"Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins: A study-level network meta-analysis of 246,955 participants from 135 randomized controlled trials","volume":"6","author":"H Naci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Card Qual Out"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3181a80242","article-title":"On cholesterol levels and statins in cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease: progress and setbacks","volume":"23","author":"MN Sabbagh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.18.1458","article-title":"Persistence of use of lipid-lowering medications: a cross-national study","volume":"279","author":"J Avorn","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.06.009","article-title":"Benefit of statins in daily practice? A six-year retrospective observational study","volume":"60","author":"P Deambrosis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1996.tb94138.x","article-title":"Apparent discontinuation rates in patients prescribed lipid-lowering drugs","volume":"164","author":"LA Simons","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.018","article-title":"Visualizing coronary calcium is associated with improvements in adherence to statin therapy","volume":"185","author":"NK Kalia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"E1118","article-title":"Statin therapy adherence after visualizing calcium by cardiac computed tomography","volume":"59","author":"N Kalia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa073166","article-title":"Adolescent overweight and future adult coronary heart disease","volume":"357","author":"K Bibbins-Domingo","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.125","article-title":"Economic evaluation of weight loss interventions in overweight and obese women","volume":"14","author":"L Roux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907355","article-title":"Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease","volume":"362","author":"K Bibbins-Domingo","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.23.2981","article-title":"Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)","volume":"288","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0515-2","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril as first-step treatment for patients with hypertension: an analysis of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)","volume":"23","author":"PA Heidenreich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.4.1089","article-title":"Short-term economic and health benefits of smoking cessation: myocardial infarction and stroke","volume":"96","author":"JM Lightwood","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.479","article-title":"Projected cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in patients hospitalized with myocardial infarction","volume":"171","author":"JA Ladapo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.10.070","article-title":"The things to come of SHAPE: cost and effectiveness of cardiovascular prevention","volume":"99","author":"GA Diamond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000799","article-title":"Using the coronary artery calcium score to guide statin therapy: A cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"7","author":"MJ Pletcher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Should Healthy People Take Cholesterol Drugs to Prevent Heart Disease?","author":"RS Blumenthal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra000650","article-title":"Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"345","author":"HV Huikuri","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314525531","article-title":"What proportion of symptomatic side effects in patients taking statins are genuinely caused by the drug? Systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials to aid individual patient choice","volume":"21","author":"JA Finegold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Card"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.07.007","article-title":"The controversies of statin therapy: weighing the evidence","volume":"60","author":"JW Jukema","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f6123","article-title":"Should people at low risk of cardiovascular disease take a statin?","volume":"347","author":"JD Abramson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000322","article-title":"Shared decision making: state of the science","volume":"7","author":"GA Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62388-0","article-title":"Statins: new American guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"382","author":"PM Ridker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284657","article-title":"More than a billion people taking statins? Potential implications of the new cardiovascular guidelines","volume":"311","author":"JPA Ioannidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.7515","article-title":"Guideline- Based Statin Eligibility, Coronary Artery Calcification, and Cardiovascular Events","volume":"314","author":"A Pursnani","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6822","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of 10-Year Risk Thresholds for Initiation of Statin Therapy for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"314","author":"A Pandya","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.7434","article-title":"Cholesterol Lowering in 2015 Still Answering Questions About How and in Whom","volume":"314","author":"P Greenland","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref103","article-title":"Lipitor: Pfizer aims to sell over-the-counter version can consumers take cholesterol drug correctly without doctor advice?","author":"P Loftus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67611","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067611","article-title":"Patient factors influencing the prescribing of lipid lowering drugs for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in UK general practice: A national retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"J Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"III-44","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000131518.25959.8F","article-title":"Statins for stroke prevention disappointment and hope","volume":"109","author":"P Amarenco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050613","article-title":"ARandomized Trial of Low-Dose Aspirin in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women","volume":"352","author":"PM Ridker","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.3.306","article-title":"Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men: a sex- specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"295","author":"JS Berger","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.768986","article-title":"Medication adherence: Its importance in cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"119","author":"MP Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref109","unstructured":"Unni EJ. (2008) Development of models to predict medication non-adherence based on a new typology. PhD Dissertation. University of Iowa. Available on-line <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ir.uiowa.edu\/etd\/10\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/ir.uiowa.edu\/etd\/10<\/ext-link> Accessed September 6th 2014."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2012.11.001","article-title":"Adherence to and beliefs in lipid-lowering medical treatments: A structural equation modeling approach including the necessity-concern framework","volume":"91","author":"E Berglund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Patient Education and Counseling"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]],"date-time":"2019-08-31T04:12:22Z","timestamp":1567224742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138092"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alberico","family":"Catapano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138092","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]]}}}