{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:22:19Z","timestamp":1780446139031,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]],"date-time":"2015-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]],"date-time":"2015-09-25T18:20:08Z","timestamp":1443205208000},"page":"e0138472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Alpine Red Deer (Cervus elaphus): Its Spread and Effects on Fertility"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Formenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Trogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Pedrotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Gaffuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Lanfranchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"146","article-title":"Ecology of infectious disease in natural population","author":"PJ Hudson","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3551.1","article-title":"Abomasal nematode community in an alpine chamois (<italic>Rupicapra r<\/italic>. <italic>rupicapra<\/italic>) population before and after a die-off","volume":"92","author":"CV Citterio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"25","article-title":"Spatial and temporal explorative analysis of sarcoptic mange in Alpine chamois (<italic>Rupicapra r<\/italic>. <italic>rupicapra<\/italic>)","volume":"25","author":"S Turchetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hystrix"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2064","article-title":"The role of parasites in the dynamics of a reindeer population","volume":"269","author":"SD Albon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc R SocLond B"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.06.002","article-title":"The effect of single and concomitant pathogen infections on condition and fecundity of the wild rabbit (<italic>Oryctolaguscuniculus<\/italic>)","volume":"35","author":"J Lello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2307\/5338","article-title":"Regulation and stability of a free-living host\u2013parasite system: <italic>Trichostrongylus tenuis<\/italic> in red grouse. I. Monitoring and parasite reduction experiments","volume":"61","author":"PJ Hudson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30531-4","article-title":"Protozoal causes of reproductive failure in domestic ruminants","volume":"10","author":"ML Anderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am-Food A"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00102-7","article-title":"Pathophysiology of infection with gastrointestinal nematodes in domestic ruminants: recent developments","volume":"72","author":"MT Fox","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2014.04.017","article-title":"Effects of gastrointestinal infections caused by nematodes on milk production in goats in a mountain ecosystem: Comparison between a cosmopolite and a local breed","volume":"120","author":"EG Alberti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2307\/3283705","article-title":"Isolation of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>from a Naturally Infected Beef Cow","volume":"78","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029549","article-title":"Seropositivity and risk factors associated with <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> infection in wild birds from Spain","volume":"6","author":"O Cabez\u00f3n","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Polyparasitismis associated with increased disease severity in <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>infected marine sentinel species","volume":"5","author":"AK Gibson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.11.013","article-title":"Prevalence of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> antibodies in red deer (<italic>Cervuselaphus<\/italic>) and other wild ruminants from Spain","volume":"136","author":"CBL Gauss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.06.038","article-title":"Seroprevalence of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> antibodies in wild carnivores from Spain","volume":"148","author":"R Sobrino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.01.028","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies against <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>in roe deer from Spain","volume":"153","author":"JA Gamarra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.008","article-title":"<italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in wild cervids and sheep in Finland: North-south gradient in seroprevalence","volume":"171","author":"P Jokelainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.1.154","article-title":"Natural <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> infections in European brown hares and mountain hares in Finland: proportional mortality rate, antibody prevalence, and genetic characterization","volume":"47","author":"P Jokelainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016240","article-title":"Age-Related <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> Seroprevalence in Dutch Wild Boar Inconsistent with Lifelong Persistence of Antibodies","volume":"6","author":"M Opsteegh","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00282-X","article-title":"High levels of congenital transmission of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in a commercial sheep flock","volume":"31","author":"P Duncanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.07.012","article-title":"Survey of ovine and caprine toxoplasmosis by IFAT and PCR assays in Sardinia, Italy","volume":"117","author":"G Masala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.02.004","article-title":"Evaluation of ovine abortion associated with <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>in Spain by different diagnostic techniques","volume":"121","author":"J Pereira-Bueno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003721","article-title":"Evidence that primary infection of Charollais sheep with <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> may not prevent foetal infection and abortion in subsequent lambings","volume":"135","author":"EK Morley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7254.142","article-title":"Sources of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre casecontrol study","volume":"321","author":"AJC Cook","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"28","article-title":"Surveillance and monitoring of <italic>Toxoplasma<\/italic> in humans, food and animals. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards","volume":"583","year":"2007","journal-title":"The EFSA Journal"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"264","article-title":"Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"F Robert-Gangneux","year":"2012","journal-title":"ClinMicrobiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00178-7","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to <italic>Neosporacaninum<\/italic>and <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>in cattle and water buffaloes in southern Vietnam","volume":"75","author":"LTT Huong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.017","article-title":"Evaluation of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> and <italic>Neosporacaninum<\/italic> infections in sheep from Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, by different serological methods","volume":"175","author":"GF Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008942","article-title":"Risk factors for <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>infection in pregnancy results of a prospective case-control study in Norway","volume":"144","author":"G Kapperud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.3.480","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in wild mammals from the Czech Republic","volume":"33","author":"K Hejl\u00ed\u010dek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.12.015","article-title":"Prevalence of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>antibodies in wild red deer, roe deer, moose, and reindeer from Norway","volume":"120","author":"T Vik\u00f8ren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.3.685","article-title":"Serosurvey of roe deer, chamois and domestic sheep in the central Italian Alps","volume":"42","author":"A Gaffuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.03.033","article-title":"Molecular and biological characteristics of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> isolates from wildlife in France","volume":"171","author":"D Aubert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"223","article-title":"Game meat hygiene in focus. Microbiology, epidemiology, risk analysis and quality assurance","author":"S Magnino","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-012-0786-2","article-title":"Environmental factors associated with the seroprevalence of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in Wild Boars (<italic>Sus scrofa<\/italic>), France","volume":"9","author":"M Beral","year":"2012","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.11.010","article-title":"Transplacental toxoplasmosis in naturally-infected white-tailed deer: Isolation and genetic characterisation of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> from foetuses of different gestational ages","volume":"38","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0705","article-title":"<italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in Circumpolar People and Wildlife","volume":"12","author":"SA Elmore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03603.x","article-title":"Fertility in female Red deer (<italic>Cervuselaphus<\/italic>): the effects of body composition, age and reproductive status","volume":"209","author":"SD Albon","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.2307\/2409370","article-title":"Influences of Maternal Body Weight, Age, and Parity on Sex Ratio in Semidomesticated Reindeer (<italic>Rangifer t<\/italic>. <italic>tarandus<\/italic>).","volume":"43","author":"I Kojola","year":"1989","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003356100003196","article-title":"Foetal development in red deer (<italic>Cervuselaphus<\/italic>) 1. Growth of the foetus and associated tissues","volume":"46","author":"CL Adam","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anim Prod"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2011.49.3.207","article-title":"Development and Clinical Evaluation of a Rapid Serodiagnostic Test for Toxoplasmosis of Cats Using Recombinant SAG1 Antigen","volume":"49","author":"C-K Chong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"117","article-title":"Evaluation of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> IgG Antibodies in Stray and Household Dogs by Elisa","volume":"9","author":"S Shadfar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Veterinaria"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.08.007","article-title":"Some risk factors for reproductive failures and contribution of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> infection in sheep and goats of Central Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"95","author":"EZ Gebremedhin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1638\/2012-0170.1","article-title":"Endoparasites in mammals from seven zoological gardens in Romania","volume":"45","author":"G D\u0103r\u0103bus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0222-7","article-title":"First report of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in camels (<italic>Camelusdromedarius<\/italic>) in Ethiopia: bioassay and seroepidemiological investigation","volume":"10","author":"EZ Gebremedhin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12049","article-title":"A serological Survey of <italic>Brucella<\/italic> spp., <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> spp., <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> and <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> spp. in Iberian Fattening Pigs Reared in Free-Range Systems","volume":"61","author":"M Hernandez","year":"2014","journal-title":"TransboundEmerg Dis"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"309","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-<italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> antibodies in cattle and pigs in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"39","author":"TE Onyiche","year":"2015","journal-title":"J ParasitDis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00084-X","article-title":"The prevalence of anti-<italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>antibodies in Ghanaian sheep and goats","volume":"76","author":"WNA van der Puije","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2003.12.013","article-title":"Prevalence of anti-<italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>and anti-<italic>Neosporacaninum<\/italic>antibodies in goat from S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"55","author":"LPC Figliuolo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.08.019","article-title":"Seroprevalence of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> infection in domestic goats in Satun Province, Thailand","volume":"127","author":"S Jittapalapong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.02.036","article-title":"Seroprevalence and <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>-IgG avidity in sheep from Lajes, Brazil","volume":"146","author":"MM Clementino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2811.1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in Pigs, Sheep, Goats, and Cattle From Grenada and Carriacou, West Indies","volume":"97","author":"A Chikweto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.002","article-title":"Control of the risk of human toxoplasmosis transmitted by meat","volume":"38","author":"A Kijlstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2754\/avb200978020259","article-title":"Titres of Specific Antibodies against <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>in Goats and their Kids","volume":"78","author":"L Mi\u0161urov\u00e1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Vet Brno"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0540325","article-title":"Factors affecting reproduction in red deer (<italic>Cervuselaphus<\/italic>) hinds on Rhum","volume":"54","author":"FE Guinness","year":"1978","journal-title":"J ReprodFert"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.02.004","article-title":"The role of antiparasite treatment experiments in assessing the impact of parasites on wildlife","volume":"31","author":"AB Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142357","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]],"date-time":"2015-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446163200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138472","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T06:52:06Z","timestamp":1540277526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138472"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Guido","family":"Favia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138472","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142357","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]}}}