{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:07:21Z","timestamp":1792616841151,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":433,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]],"date-time":"2015-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]],"date-time":"2015-09-23T14:12:20Z","timestamp":1443017540000},"page":"e0138511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2194,"title":["Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yin","family":"Paradies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jehonathan","family":"Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Denson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanuel","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Priest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Pieterse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpana","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Kelaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870802302272","article-title":"Racism, disadvantage and multiculturalism: towards effective anti-racist praxis","volume":"33","author":"G Berman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethnic & Racial Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/09581590600828881","article-title":"Defining, Conceptualizing and Characterizing Racism in Health Research","volume":"16","author":"Y Paradies","year":"2006","journal-title":"Critical Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Black Power","author":"C Hamilton","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"United Nations. World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance: Declaration and Programme of Action. 2009."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Brika J, Lemaine G, Jackson J. Racism and xenophobia in Europe, Eurobarometer opinion poll no 47.1. Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate (DGV), the European Commission., 1997."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240607100304","article-title":"The rise of anti-foreigner sentiment in European societies, 1988\u20132000","volume":"71","author":"M Semyonov","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Gallup Poll. Race relations. http:\/\/www.gallup.com\/poll\/1687\/race-relations.aspx<\/ext-link>, 2014."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"The Guardian. Racism on the rise in Britain. 2014."},{"key":"ref9","author":"A Markus","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl056","article-title":"A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health","volume":"35","author":"Y Paradies","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"167","article-title":"Handbook of Stress Science","author":"E Brondolo","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X11000178","article-title":"Multiple Pathways Linking Racism to Health Outcomes","volume":"8","author":"CP Harrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Du Bois Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016059","article-title":"Perceived Discrimination and Health: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"135","author":"EA Pascoe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.11.031","article-title":"A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people","volume":"95","author":"N Priest","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Racial Discrimination and Health Among Asian Americans: Evidence, Assessment, and Directions for Future Research","author":"GC Gee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30666-4","article-title":"Racism, sexism and social class: implications for studies of health, disease, and well-being","volume":"9","author":"N Krieger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","first-page":"26","article-title":"The concept of race and health status in America","volume":"109","author":"DR Williams","year":"1994","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ref18","first-page":"243","article-title":"Racism and mental health: the African American experience","volume":"5","author":"DR Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"EthnHealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","first-page":"55","article-title":"Perceived racism and blood pressure: a review of the literature and conceptual and methodological critique","volume":"25","author":"E Brondolo","year":"2003","journal-title":"AnnBehavMed"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.200","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies","volume":"93","author":"DR Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200306000-00003","article-title":"Racism and Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans","volume":"325","author":"SB Wyatt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-008-9185-0","article-title":"Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research","volume":"32","author":"DR Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035754","article-title":"The Consequences of Perceived Discrimination for Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"140","author":"MT Schmitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","first-page":"445","article-title":"Systematic review of epidemiological studies on interpersonal discrimination and mental health","volume":"29","author":"JB Goto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cadernos De Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Perceived Racism and Mental Health: A Meta-Analytic Review","author":"HD Conklin","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-009-0053-4","article-title":"Racial Discrimination: A Continuum of Violence Exposure for Children of Color","volume":"12","author":"K Sanders-Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181a7ed5a","article-title":"Racism and Child Health: A Review of the Literature and Future Directions","volume":"30","author":"LM Pachter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000010381791","article-title":"Racial Discrimination and Asian Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"39","author":"DL Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Counseling Psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000011403326","article-title":"Discrimination Against Latina\/os: A Meta-Analysis of Individual-Level Resources and Outcomes","volume":"40","author":"DL Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Counseling Psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031275","article-title":"The relation of racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization to discrimination\u2013distress: A meta-analysis of Black Americans","volume":"60","author":"DL Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026208","article-title":"Perceived Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"59","author":"AL Pieterse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s12170-013-0365-2","article-title":"Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"8","author":"TT Lewis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref33","first-page":"422","article-title":"Exploring the association between reported discrimination and hypertension among African Americans: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"YL Cuffee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethnicity & Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033718","article-title":"Perceived Racial Discrimination and Hypertension: A Comprehensive Systematic Review","volume":"33","author":"CM Dolezsar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2011.9","article-title":"Racism and hypertension: a review of the empirical evidence and implications for clinical practice","volume":"24","author":"E. Brondolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"American journal of hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2307\/1519813","article-title":"Does perceived discrimination affect health? Longitudinal relationships between work discrimination and women's physical and emotional health","volume":"44","author":"EK Pavalko","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.002","article-title":"Does health predict the reporting of racial discrimination or do reports of discrimination predict health? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth","volume":"69","author":"G Gee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref38","first-page":"362","article-title":"Chronic exposure to everyday discrimination and coronary artery calcification in African-American women: the SWAN Heart Study","volume":"68","author":"TT Lewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"PsychosomMed"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"RM Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J PersSoc Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.10.805","article-title":"Racism as a stressor for African Americans. A biopsychosocial model","volume":"54","author":"R Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764213487340","article-title":"Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence","volume":"57","author":"DR Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034703","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between experienced racial discrimination and depressive symptoms in African American adolescents","volume":"50","author":"D English","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.080085","article-title":"Self-Reported Discrimination and Mental Health Status Among African Descendants, Mexican Americans, and Other Latinos in the New Hampshire REACH 2010 Initiative: The Added Dimension of Immigration","volume":"96","author":"GC Gee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2012.73.570","article-title":"Social Adversity, Stress, and Alcohol Problems: Are Racial\/Ethnic Minorities and the Poor More Vulnerable?","volume":"73","author":"N Mulia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"151","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of internal medicine"},{"issue":"85","key":"ref46","article-title":"Racism as a determinant of health: A protocol for conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Y Paradies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/07481756.1999.12068981","article-title":"Development and validation of a short form of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS)-brief version","volume":"32","author":"SO Utsey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell SP. The Racism and Life Experience Scales (RaLES): Self-administration version. Unpublished Manuscript1997.","DOI":"10.1037\/t09928-000"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref49","first-page":"154","article-title":"The perceived racism scale: a multidimensional assessment of the experience of white racism among African Americans","volume":"6","author":"MD McNeilly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0261-8","article-title":"Perceived racism, medication adherence, and hospital admission in African-Caribbean patients with psychosis in the United Kingdom","volume":"46","author":"A Chakraborty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry And Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref51","first-page":"286","article-title":"Efficacy of racism-specific coping styles as predictors of cardiovascular functioning","volume":"11","author":"R Clark","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref52","first-page":"2","article-title":"Body mass and cardiovascular reactivity to racism in African American college students","volume":"19","author":"VR Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"McCracken MO. Endnote X7.1. 2013."},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Comprehensive Meta-analysisVersion 2.2.057","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-011-9232-5","article-title":"Effect sizes and statistical methods for meta-analysis in higher education","volume":"53","author":"NA Bowman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research in Higher Education"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"Practical meta-analysis effect size calculator [Internet]. 2015."},{"key":"ref57","author":"J Cohen","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref58","author":"HM Cooper","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.486","article-title":"Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"L Hedges","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.08.010","article-title":"Conducting quantitative synthesis when comparing medical interventions: AHRQ and the effective health care program","volume":"64","author":"R Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"Higgins J, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5.1.0 [updated March 2011)2011."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000006288308","article-title":"Treating Cronbach\u2019s Alpha reliability coefficients as data in counseling research","volume":"34","author":"JE Helms","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Counseling Psychologist"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.30.012703.110622","article-title":"The Social Psychology of Health Disparities","volume":"31","author":"J Schnittker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"629\u2013634","key":"ref64","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000006286991","article-title":"Guidelines for meta-analysis of counseling psychology research","volume":"34","author":"SM Quintana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Counseling Psychologist"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: a simple funnel plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"S Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"89","article-title":"A nonparametric \u201ctrim and fill\u201d method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"S Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"J AmStat Assoc"},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"Abbassi-Zoabi MJ. Discrimination, ethnic identity, and social support as predictors of self-efficacy in Arab American adolescents [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Fordham University; 2012."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.07.030","article-title":"Discrimination and psychological distress: does Whiteness matter for Arab Americans?","volume":"75","author":"S Abdulrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social science & medicine"},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"Agaskar VR. Mediating and moderating factors in the Asian American's psychological distress: An analysis of National Latino and Asian American study (NLAAS) data [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Oakland University; 2011."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-652","article-title":"The effect of perceived discrimination on the health of immigrant workers in Spain","volume":"11","author":"AA Agudelo-Suarez","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-011-9424-3","article-title":"A structural model of racial discrimination, acculturative stress, and cultural resources among Arab American adolescents","volume":"48","author":"SR Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0739986309352770","article-title":"Acculturation, enculturation, perceived racism, minority status stressors, and psychological symptomatology among Latino\/as","volume":"32","author":"SG Alamilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.116","article-title":"Perceptions of race\/ethnic discrimination in relation to mortality among Black women: results from the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"170","author":"MA Albert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of internal medicine"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"Anderson ME. Perceived discrimination and worldview: The relationship to health status among patients with diabetes [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: The Ohio State University; 2007."},{"key":"ref76","unstructured":"Appel RE. Perceived ethnic discrimination and its association to ecological momentary assessment of daily interactions [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: St. John's University (New York); 2003."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430208098775","article-title":"Responding to Societal Devaluation: Effects of Perceived Personal and Group Discrimination on the Ethnic Group Identification and Personal Self-Esteem of Latino\/Latina Adolescents","volume":"12","author":"BE Armenta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations"},{"key":"ref78","author":"JK Asamen","year":"1983"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430207081536","article-title":"Race and the Psychological Health of African Americans","volume":"10","author":"L Ashburn-Nardo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Group Processes Intergroup Relations"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2010.543664","article-title":"The relationships between major lifetime discrimination, everyday discrimination, and mental health in three racial and ethnic groups of older adults","volume":"15","author":"L Ayalon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"ref81","unstructured":"Bailey T-KM. Construct validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Georgia State University; 2008."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798407302540","article-title":"The influence of racial identity profiles on the relationship between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms","volume":"33","author":"KH Banks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840802597879","article-title":"Racial discrimination and blood pressure: perceptions, emotions, and behaviors of black American adults","volume":"30","author":"DJ Barksdale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Issues MentHealth Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1912.2005.tb00004.x","article-title":"Perceived Racist Discrimination, Coping, Stress, and Life Satisfaction","volume":"33","author":"PW Barnes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1177\/07399863910133005","article-title":"Acculturation Influences on Inhalant Use","volume":"13","author":"ME Barrett","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.73.2.223","article-title":"Cultural, Self-Esteem, and Demographic Correlates of Perception of Personal and Group Discrimination Among East Asian Immigrants","volume":"73","author":"DT Barry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref87","unstructured":"Basurto Jr R. The relationship of ethnic identity to self-esteem and stress as a function of perceived discrimination among Mexican-Americans [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: California School of Professional Psychology\u2014Los Angeles; 1996."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref88","first-page":"670","article-title":"The buffering effects of ethnic density on experienced racism and health","volume":"5","author":"L Becares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022110383424","article-title":"The Relationship Between Latino Adolescents' Perceptions of Discrimination, Neighborhood Risk, and Parenting on Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptoms","volume":"42","author":"AO Behnke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31825a8c63","article-title":"Race\/Ethnic discrimination and preventive service utilization in a sample of whites, blacks, mexicans, and puerto ricans","volume":"50","author":"MR Benjamins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-013-9496-7","article-title":"Relationships between discrimination in health care and health care outcomes among four race\/ethnic groups","volume":"37","author":"MR Benjamins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-77","article-title":"Perceived discrimination is associated with severity of positive and depression\/anxiety symptoms in immigrants with psychosis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"AO Berg","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2010.00668.x","article-title":"Discrimination and Adjustment for Mexican American Adolescents: A Prospective Examination of the Benefits of Culturally Related Values","volume":"20","author":"C Berkel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"ref94","unstructured":"Best JL. An integrative analysis of racism and quality of life: A comparison of multidimensional moderators in an ethnically diverse sample [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of Southern California; 2005."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/108729104322740884","article-title":"Health-related correlates of perceived discrimination in HIV care","volume":"18","author":"ST Bird","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref96","first-page":"275","article-title":"Health-care utilization and the status of Latinos in rural meat-processing communities","volume":"10","author":"J Blankenau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Great Plains Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1375\/ajgc.20.1.1","article-title":"Questioning the general self-esteem vaccine: General self-esteem, racial discrimination, and standardised achieve- ment across Indigenous and non-Indigenous students","volume":"20","author":"GH Bodkin-Andrews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024056","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and mental health symptoms among Black men with HIV","volume":"17","author":"LM Bogart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2010.00016.x","article-title":"Immigration, suicidal ideation and deliberate self-injury in the Boston youth survey 2006","volume":"41","author":"G Borges","year":"2011","journal-title":"Suicide & life-threatening behavior"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm180","article-title":"Self-reported Racial Discrimination and Substance Use in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Adults Study","volume":"166","author":"LN Borrell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref101","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Self-reported health, perceived racial discrimination, and skin color in African Americans in the CARDIA study","volume":"63","author":"LN Borrell","year":"2006","journal-title":"SocSciMed"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798402028001002","article-title":"Racist Experiences and Health Outcomes: An Examination of Spirituality as a Buffer","volume":"28","author":"TL Bowen-Reid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"key":"ref103","unstructured":"Bowman T. An exploration of the relationship between racism-related stress and emotional well-being for African American college students [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Oklahoma State University; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.1.135","article-title":"Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-Being","volume":"77","author":"NR Branscombe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Personality & Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x","article-title":"Perceived Discrimination and the Adjustment of African American Youths: A Five-Year Longitudinal Analysis with Contextual Moderation Effects","volume":"77","author":"GH Brody","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/00957984970231004","article-title":"Race-related factors and life satisfaction among African Americans","volume":"23","author":"CL Broman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-011-9265-1","article-title":"Dimensions of Perceived Racism and Self-Reported Health: Examination of Racial\/Ethnic Differences and Potential Mediators","volume":"42","author":"E Brondolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioural medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref108","first-page":"31","article-title":"Perceived Ethnic Discrimination in Relation to Daily Moods and Negative Social Interactions","volume":"30","author":"R Broudy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J BehavMed"},{"key":"ref109","author":"JF Brown","year":"1991"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/00380237.2002.10571220","article-title":"The relationship between internalization and self-esteem among black adults","volume":"35","author":"TN Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sociological Focus"},{"key":"ref111","unstructured":"Buchanan NT. Examining the impact of racial harassment on sexually harassed African American women [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2002."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.13.2.137","article-title":"Effects of racial and sexual harassment on work and the psychological well-being of African American women","volume":"13","author":"NT Buchanan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00742.x","article-title":"The Effect of Perceived Racial Discrimination on Bodily Pain among Older African American Men","volume":"10","author":"DJ Burgess","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860903192496","article-title":"Racial Identity as a Moderator of Daily Exposure and Reactivity to Racial Discrimination","volume":"9","author":"AL Burrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Self and Identity"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"E156","article-title":"Race\/Ethnicity and self-reported levels of discrimination and psychological distress, California, 2005","volume":"9","author":"DR Byrd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Preventing chronic disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/00207594.2010.532800","article-title":"Exploring the factors contributing to empowerment of Turkish migrant women in the UK","volume":"46","author":"SG Cakir","year":"2011","journal-title":"International journal of psychology: Journal international de psychologie"},{"key":"ref117","unstructured":"Camacho-Gonsalves T. Depressive symptomatology among Dominicans: Links to acculturative and economic stressors, skin tone, and perceived discrimination [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of New Hampshire; 2002."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-285","article-title":"Self-reported racial discrimination, response to unfair treatment, and coronary calcification in asymptomatic adults\u2014the North Texas Healthy Heart study","volume":"10","author":"R Cardarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.51.3.329","article-title":"Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Distress: The Role of Personal and Ethnic Self-Esteem","volume":"51","author":"C Cassidy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02169.x","article-title":"Perceived discrimination among ethnic minority young people: The role of psychological variables","volume":"35","author":"C Cassidy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.05.045","article-title":"Do experiences of racial discrimination predict cardiovascular disease among African American men? The moderating role of internalized negative racial group attitudes","volume":"71","author":"D Chae","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2011.01122.x","article-title":"Discrimination, attribution, and racial group identification: Implications for psychological distress among Black Americans in the National Survey of American Life (2001\u20132003)","volume":"81","author":"DH Chae","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0156-8","article-title":"Racism, mental illness and social support in the UK","volume":"45","author":"AT Chakraborty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref124","first-page":"1594","article-title":"The relationship of internalized racism to body fat distribution and insulin resistance among African adolescent youth","volume":"96","author":"EC Chambers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J NatlMed Assoc"},{"issue":"1 & 2","key":"ref125","first-page":"27","article-title":"Attachment Patters of East Asian International Students and Sources of Perceived Social Supoort as Moderators of the Impact of US Racism and Cultural Distress","volume":"9","author":"H-J Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Counseling"},{"key":"ref126","unstructured":"Cho-Chang Y-Y. The moderating role of religious coping in the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and depression in Korean American Christians [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Boston University; 2013."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301052","article-title":"Experiences of Discrimination and Their Impact on the Mental Health Among African American, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men","volume":"103","author":"K-H Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1108\/JMP-02-2012-0064","article-title":"Second hand smoke: ambient racial harassment at work","volume":"28","author":"D Chrobot-Mason","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"key":"ref129","author":"AM Cislo","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02895116","article-title":"Perceptions of interethnic group racism predict increased vascular reactivity to a laboratory challenge in college women","volume":"22","author":"R Clark","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2502_09","article-title":"Self-reported racism and social support predict blood pressure reactivity in blacks","volume":"25","author":"R Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2003.09.004","article-title":"Brief report: Initial psychometric properties of the everyday discrimination scale in black adolescents","volume":"27","author":"R Clark","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324796abm3201_1","article-title":"Interactive effects of perceived racism and coping responses predict a school-based assessment of blood pressure in black youth","volume":"32","author":"R Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of behavioral medicine: a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00229","article-title":"Interethnic contact, identity and psychological adjustment: The mediating and moderating roles of communication","volume":"57","author":"R Clement","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"ref135","unstructured":"Cogburn CD. Racial Cognition and School-Based Racial Discrimination: The Role of Racial Identity, Racial Identity Exploration and Critical Race Consciousness in Adaptive Academic and Psychological Functioning among African American Adolescents [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-011-9040-8","article-title":"School-based racial and gender discrimination among African American adolescents: Exploring gender variation in frequency and implications for adjustment","volume":"3","author":"CD Cogburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Race and Social Problems"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.144329","article-title":"Perceived racial\/ethnic discrimination among fifth-grade students and its association with mental health","volume":"99","author":"TR Coker","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798405283175","article-title":"Perceived racism as a predictor of paranoia among African Americans","volume":"32","author":"DR Combs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00205.x","article-title":"Measures of ethnicity-related stress: Psychometric properties, ethnic group differences, and associations with well-being","volume":"31","author":"RJ Contrada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref140","unstructured":"Cooke DY. Racial discrimination and well-being among African American university students [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; 2002."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.72","article-title":"The Effects of Ethnic Discrimination and Socioeconomic Status on Endothelin-1 Among Blacks and Whites","volume":"22","author":"DC Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-010-9520-y","article-title":"Contextual Stress and Health Risk Behaviors Among African American Adolescents","volume":"40","author":"N Copeland-Linder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-45","article-title":"Ethnic discrimination prevalence and associations with health outcomes: data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of secondary school students in New Zealand","volume":"12","author":"S Crengle","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430211427171","article-title":"Ethnic identification in response to perceived discrimination protects well-being and promotes activism: A longitudinal study of Latino college students","volume":"15","author":"TJ Cronin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2006.00299.x","article-title":"Mexican American Fathers' occupational conditions: Links to family members' psychological adjustment","volume":"68","author":"AC Crouter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and the Family"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref146","first-page":"393","article-title":"Racial Discrimination, Post Traumatic Stress, and Gambling Problems among Urban Aboriginal Adults in Canada","volume":"29","author":"CL Currie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of gambling studies \/ co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming"},{"key":"ref147","unstructured":"Dailey AB. The influence of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status and perceived racial discrimination on non-adherence to mammography screening guidelines [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Yale University; 2006."},{"key":"ref148","unstructured":"Dang TA. Effects of perceived discrimination on Asian Americans: A daily process study [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Washington State University; 2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/0739986310364750","article-title":"Discrimination and Acculturative Stress among First-Generation Dominicans","volume":"32","author":"BA Dawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.110163","article-title":"Workplace Discrimination and Health Among Filipinos in the United States","volume":"98","author":"AB de Castro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/17441690902942480","article-title":"The deterioration of health status among immigrants to Canada","volume":"5","author":"FG De Maio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref152","first-page":"612","article-title":"Perceived discrimination experiences and mental health of Asian American women","volume":"73","author":"C Deblaere","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B Sciences and Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9467-z","article-title":"Discrimination and Mexican-Origin Adolescents' Adjustment: The Moderating Roles of Adolescents', Mothers', and Fathers' Cultural Orientations and Values","volume":"40","author":"MY Delgado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.6.927","article-title":"The impact of Homophobia, Poverty, and Racism on the Mental Health of Gay and Bisexual Latino Men; Findings from 3 US Cities","volume":"91","author":"RM Diaz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174412000384","article-title":"Maternal experiences of racial discrimination and child weight status in the first 3 years of life","volume":"3","author":"B Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.2.194","article-title":"Racial differences in birth outcomes: The role of general, pregnancy, and racism stress","volume":"27","author":"TP Dominguez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21936","article-title":"Relationships Among Identity, Perceived Discrimination, and Depressive Symptoms in Eight Ethnic-Generational Groups","volume":"69","author":"RA Donovan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"5-B","key":"ref158","first-page":"2483","article-title":"The impact of racism and sexism on the well-being of African-American female college students","volume":"59","author":"MS Downie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B Sciences and Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00491","article-title":"Race and Gender Influences on Adjustment in Early Adolescence: Investigation of an Integrative Model","volume":"73","author":"DL DuBois","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref160","unstructured":"Enchautegui de Jesus N. Relationships between normative and race\/ethnic-related job stressors and marital and individual well-being among Black and Latino\/a workers [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: New York University; 2001."},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-282","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and health-related quality of life among Arabs and Jews in Israel: A population-based survey","volume":"10","author":"OB Epel","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2012.01.005","article-title":"Inverse associations between perceived racism and coronary artery calcification","volume":"22","author":"NJ Everage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023987717921","article-title":"Acculturation Stress, Social Support, and Self-Rated Health Among Latinos in California","volume":"5","author":"BK Finch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immigr Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.46.3.395","article-title":"African Americans' mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem","volume":"46","author":"AR Fischer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/0739986308323056","article-title":"Perceived discrimination, perceived stress, and mental and physical health among Mexican-origin adults","volume":"30","author":"E Flores","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020026","article-title":"Perceived Racial\/Ethnic Discrimination, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Health Risk Behaviors among Mexican American Adolescents","volume":"57","author":"E Flores","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01864.x","article-title":"Caregiver Experiences of Discrimination and African American Adolescents' Psychological Health Over Time","volume":"84","author":"KR Ford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.34.2.160.32789","article-title":"Suicidal Behavior in Urban American Indian Adolescents: A Comparison with Reservation Youth in a Southwestern State","volume":"34","author":"S Freedenthal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Suicide and Life ThreateninG Behavior"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E339","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12028","article-title":"Exploring the effect of in\u2010group and out\u2010group race\u2010related stressors on anxiety among Asian Pacific Islander American students","volume":"43","author":"SE French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref170","unstructured":"Galvan N. Experiences of ethnic-related discrimination and their influence on the health of Mexican immigrants [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2010."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.114025","article-title":"Disentangling the Effects of Racial and Weight Discrimination on Body Mass Index and Obesity Among Asian Americans","volume":"98","author":"GC Gee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027711","article-title":"Coping With Racial Discrimination: The Role of Substance Use","volume":"26","author":"M Gerrard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029729","article-title":"Perceived discrimination, group identification, and life satisfaction among multiracial people: a test of the rejection-identification model","volume":"18","author":"LS Giamo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019880","article-title":"Exploring the link between racial discrimination and substance use: what mediates? What buffers?","volume":"99","author":"FX Gibbons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.86.4.517","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and substance use in African American parents and their children: a panel study","volume":"86","author":"FX Gibbons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.015","article-title":"Early experience with racial discrimination and conduct disorder as predictors of subsequent drug use: A critical period hypothesis","volume":"88","author":"FX Gibbons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2012.01409.x","article-title":"Relationships among neighborhood environment, racial discrimination, psychological distress, and preterm birth in African American women","volume":"41","author":"C Giurgescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing: JOGNN \/ NAACOG"},{"key":"ref178","unstructured":"Gonzales KL. Perceived medical discrimination in American Indian women: Effect on health care decisions, cancer screening, diabetes services and diabetes management [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Oregon State University; 2010."},{"key":"ref179","unstructured":"Green NL. Stress, self-esteem and racism as factors associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery in African-American childbearing women [PH.D.]. San Francisco: University of California; 1991."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.2.218","article-title":"Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates","volume":"42","author":"ML Greene","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029593","article-title":"Perceived Racism and Alcohol Consequences Among African American and Caucasian College Students","volume":"26","author":"ER Grekin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"ref182","first-page":"107","article-title":"Job stress in a changing workforce: Investigating gender, diversity, and family issues","author":"SE Gutierres","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-009-9280-6","article-title":"Psychosocial Correlates of Medical Mistrust Among African American Men","volume":"45","author":"WP Hammond","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.2011.0032","article-title":"Risk and Protective Factors Contributing to Depressive Symptoms in Vietnamese American College Students","volume":"52","author":"M Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461511433944","article-title":"Ethnic discrimination and psychological distress: A study of Sami and non-Sami populations in Norway","volume":"49","author":"KL Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transcultural Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2007.00540.x","article-title":"Perceived racial discrimination and self-esteem in African American youth: Racial socialization as a protective factor","volume":"17","author":"A Harris-Britt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescents"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S718","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.150730","article-title":"Perceived Racial Discrimination in Health Care: A Comparison of Veterans Affairs and Other Patients","volume":"99","author":"LRM Hausmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022110383310","article-title":"Perceived Discrimination, Identification, Social Capital, and Well-Being: Relationships With Physical Health and Psychological Distress in a UK Minority Ethnic Community Sample","volume":"42","author":"D Heim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref189","unstructured":"Hickman NJ. Does cigarette smoking mediate the relationship between racial discrimination and depression for African Americans participating in the National Survey of American Life? [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University; 2008."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2011.9877","article-title":"Racial and sexual identity-related maltreatment among minority YMSM: prevalence, perceptions, and the association with emotional distress","volume":"25","author":"LB Hightow-Weidman","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS patient care and STDs"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798407307042","article-title":"Perceived racism and ambulatory blood pressure in African American college students","volume":"33","author":"LK Hill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"key":"ref192","unstructured":"Hirschel MJ. The relationship between discrimination, acculturation, and general psychological functioning in international students [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: The University of Mississippi; 2011."},{"key":"ref193","unstructured":"Hocoy D. Apartheid, racism, and Black mental health in South Africa, and the role of racial identity [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Queen's University at Kingston (Canada); 1997."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2012.703973","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and health-related quality of life: testing the Reserve Capacity Model in Hispanic Americans","volume":"153","author":"AD Howarter","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of social psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026601","article-title":"The psychological costs of painless but recurring experiences of racial discrimination","volume":"18","author":"Q-L Huynh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology"},{"key":"ref196","unstructured":"Huynh VW. Ethnic Microaggressions and the Health and Well-being of Latino and Asian American Adolescents [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of California, Los Angeles; 2011."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2010.00670.x","article-title":"Discrimination Hurts: The Academic, Psychological, and Physical Well-Being of Adolescents","volume":"20","author":"VW Huynh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref198","first-page":"594","article-title":"The development of a race and gender-specific stress measure for African-American women: Jackson, Hogue, Phillips contextualized stress measure","volume":"15","author":"FM Jackson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref199","first-page":"132","article-title":"Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: a thirteen year national panel study","volume":"6","author":"JS Jackson","year":"1996","journal-title":"EthnDis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027639","article-title":"Role of Identity Integration on the Relationship Between Perceived Racial Discrimination and Psychological Adjustment of Multiracial People","volume":"59","author":"KF Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"key":"ref201","unstructured":"Jagusztyn NE. Internalized Racism as a Moderator for Stereotype Threat: Effects on Self-Handicapping, Performance, and Cardiovascular Responses in Black Individuals [Master of Arts]: University of South Florida; 2007."},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-656","article-title":"Oral health and social and emotional well-being in a birth cohort of Aboriginal Australian young adults","volume":"11","author":"LM Jamieson","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590042000074","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and psychological adjustment among Russian-speaking immigrant adolescents in Finland","volume":"36","author":"I Jasinskaja-Lahti","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2006.02.003","article-title":"Perceived ethnic discrimination at work and well-being of immigrants in Finland: The moderating role of employment status and work-specific group-level control beliefs","volume":"31","author":"I Jasinskaja-Lahti","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Intercultural Relations"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2008.00384.x","article-title":"To Identify or Not To Identify? National Disidentification as an Alternative Reaction to Perceived Ethnic Discrimination","volume":"58","author":"I Jasinskaja-Lahti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Applied Psychology: An International Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2011.00467.x","article-title":"Identity, perceived religious discrimination, and psychological well-being in Muslim immigrant women","volume":"61","author":"M Jasperse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref207","author":"ES Jenifer","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798407299517","article-title":"Race-related stress, racial identity attitudes and mental health among black women","volume":"33","author":"HL Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"key":"ref209","unstructured":"Jones MD. Longitudinal and reciprocal effects of ethnic identity and experiences of discrimination on psychosocial adjustment of Navajo (Dine) adolescents [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Utah State University; 2008."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.185959","article-title":"Discrimination and Adjustment Among Chinese American Adolescents: Family Conflict and Family Cohesion as Vulnerability and Protective Factors","volume":"100","author":"LP Juang","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-009-0177-9","article-title":"Acculturation, discrimination, and depressive symptoms among Chinese American adolescents: a longitudinal study","volume":"30","author":"LP Juang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Primary Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030634","article-title":"South Asian Americans: Perceived Discrimination, Stress, and Well-Being","volume":"4","author":"A Kaduvettoor-Davidson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian American Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-011-9330-z","article-title":"Association between perceived racism and physiological stress indices in Native Hawaiians","volume":"35","author":"J Kaholokula","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"ref214","unstructured":"Kemp-Blackmon V. Perceived discrimination of African-American military personnel based in Hawaii: Life experiences and the implications for self esteem [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center; 2000."},{"key":"ref215","unstructured":"Kim JGS. Racial perceptions and psychological well being in Asian and Hispanic Americans [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Loma Linda University; 2002."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798499025002006","article-title":"Cross-validation of the Schedule of Racist Events","volume":"25","author":"EA Klonoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.159517","article-title":"Combining explicit and implicit measures of racial discrimination in health research","volume":"100","author":"N Krieger","year":"2010","journal-title":"American journal of public health"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.039","article-title":"The inverse hazard law: Blood pressure, sexual harassment, racial discrimination, workplace abuse and occupational exposures in US low-income black, white and Latino workers","volume":"67","author":"N Krieger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.087387","article-title":"Occupational, social, and relationship hazards and psychological distress among low-income workers: implications of the \u2018inverse hazard law\u2019","volume":"65","author":"N Krieger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300168","article-title":"Racial Discrimination, Psychological Distress, and Self-Rated Health Among US-Born and Foreign-Born Black Americans","volume":"101","author":"N Krieger","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.03.006","article-title":"Experiences of discrimination: Validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health","volume":"61","author":"N Krieger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650905000405","article-title":"Perceived Ethnic Discrimination versus Acculturation Stress: Influences on Substance Use among Latino Youth in the Southwest","volume":"50","author":"S Kulis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref223","first-page":"157","article-title":"Adolescent Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong: a comparison with locally born students and factors associated with their psychological well-being","volume":"17","author":"AMC Lam","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Adolescent Medical Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9393-0","article-title":"Perceptions of racism and depressive symptoms in African American adolescents: the role of perceived academic and social control","volume":"38","author":"SF Lambert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of youth and adolescence"},{"key":"ref225","unstructured":"LaMonica J. Occupational stressors and the psychological well-being of women in a welfare work program [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Fordham University; 2000."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/00957984960222002","article-title":"The Schedule of Racist Events: A Measure of Racial Discrimination and a Study of Its Negative Physical and Mental Health Consequences","volume":"22","author":"H Landrine","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Black Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00004479-200604000-00006","article-title":"Relationship Between Symptoms of Depression, Functional Health Status, and Chronic Disease Among a Residential Sample of African Americans","volume":"29","author":"C Larson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Ambulatory Care Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087060","article-title":"The role of acculturation-related and acculturation non-specific daily hassles: Vietnamese Canadian students and psychological distress","volume":"30","author":"C Lay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885511429243","article-title":""If one doesn\u2019t get you another one will\u201d: Formerly incarcerated persons\u2019 perceptions of discrimination","volume":"92","author":"TP LeBel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prison Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.50.2.133","article-title":"Do ethnic identity and other group orientation protect against discrimination for Asian Americans?","volume":"50","author":"RM Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.52.1.36","article-title":"Resilience Against Discrimination: Ethnic Identity and Other-Group Orientation as Protective Factors for Korean Americans","volume":"52","author":"RM Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"key":"ref232","unstructured":"Lee S. Impact of ethnic identity on psychological well-being among Korean Americans in the United States [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: State University of New York at Albany; 2001."},{"key":"ref233","unstructured":"LeFevre AL. Sociocultural Mechanisms Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Analysis of Latino Veterans [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of Maryland, Baltimore; 2011."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798410381242","article-title":"Do human and social capital protect young African American mothers from depression associated with ethnic discrimination and violence exposure?","volume":"37","author":"A Lewin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"key":"ref235","unstructured":"Liddell AL. Length of incarceration, perceived discrimination and social support as predictors of psychological distress in African-American spouses of inmates [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: California School of Professional Psychology\u2014Los Angeles; 1998."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558400154002","article-title":"Acculturation and Psychological Well-Being among Immigrant Adolescents in Finland: A Comparative Study of Adolescents From Different Cultural Backgrounds","volume":"15","author":"K Liebkind","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.085530","article-title":"Discrimination and mental health in Ecuadorian immigrants in Spain","volume":"63","author":"A Llacer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of epidemiology and community health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2012.0296","article-title":"Associations Between HIV-Related Stigma, Racial Discrimination, Gender Discrimination, and Depression Among HIV-Positive African, Caribbean, and Black Women in Ontario, Canada","volume":"27","author":"C Logie","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care & STDs"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.13.4.503","article-title":"Measuring exposure to racism: development and validation of a Race- Related Stressor Scale (RRSS) for Asian American Vietnam veterans","volume":"13","author":"CM Loo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-011-9633-y","article-title":"Acculturation, Gender, Depression, and Cigarette Smoking among U.S. Hispanic Youth: The Mediating Role of Perceived Discrimination","volume":"40","author":"EI Lorenzo-Blanco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2007.00258.x","article-title":"The Experiences of Bystanders of Workplace Ethnic Harassment","volume":"37","author":"D Low","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2011.0033","article-title":"Correlates of patient-reported racial\/ethnic health care discrimination in the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE)","volume":"22","author":"CR Lyles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Health Care for the Poor & Underserved"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1729-2","article-title":"Patient-reported racial\/ethnic healthcare provider discrimination and medication intensification in the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE)","volume":"26","author":"CR Lyles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of general internal medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022112466699","article-title":"Acculturation Expectations and Experiences as Predictors of Ethnic Migrants' Psychological Well-Being","volume":"44","author":"TA Mahonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref245","unstructured":"Majied KF. The impact of racism and homophobia on depression [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: State University of New York at Albany; 2003."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref246","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Perceived discrimination as worldview threat or worldview confirmation: Implications for self-esteem","volume":"92","author":"B Major","year":"2007","journal-title":"J PersSocPsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00194.x","article-title":"Migrant distress: the role of perceived racial discrimination and coping resources","volume":"31","author":"AS Mak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref248","article-title":"The Impact of Racism upon the Health and Wellbeing of Young Australians","author":"F Mansouri","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref249","author":"MJ Martin","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref250","unstructured":"Matthews CJ. Generational status, racial, and ethnic identity, and psychological well-being among Afro-Caribbean college students [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Fordham University; 2012."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028436","article-title":"Racial discrimination and depressive symptoms among African-American men: The mediating and moderating roles of masculine self-reliance and John Henryism","volume":"14","author":"DD Matthews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychology of Men & Masculinity"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-013-9788-0","article-title":"Middle class african american mothers\u2019 depressive symptoms mediate perceived discrimination and reported child externalizing behaviors","volume":"23","author":"S McNeil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"key":"ref253","unstructured":"Medley-Proctor KN. Racial discrimination in the job search: Psychological implications for African Americans [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: The George Washington University; 2005."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-007-9210-6","article-title":"Perceived Discrimination and the Well-being of Immigrant Adolescents","volume":"37","author":"GS Mesche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-1767(02)00012-3","article-title":"Psychological distress and perceived discrimination: a study of women from India","volume":"26","author":"FM Moghaddam","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Intercultural Relations"},{"key":"ref256","unstructured":"Moore KM. The mental health implications of experiencing racial\/ethnic microaggressions among Latina\/os: Cognitive, affective, and behavioral components [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Marquette University; 2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref257","first-page":"185","article-title":"Chronic stress and decreased physical exercise: impact on weight for African American women","volume":"22","author":"GM Moore-Greene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethnicity & disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.51.4.418","article-title":"Arab American Persons' Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Personal Control","volume":"51","author":"B Moradi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.53.4.411","article-title":"Perceived discrimination experiences and mental health of Latina\/o American persons","volume":"53","author":"B Moradi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000003031004007","article-title":"A concomitant examination of the relations of perceived racism and the sexist events to psychological distress for African American women","volume":"31","author":"B Moradi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Counseling Psychologist"},{"key":"ref261","unstructured":"Morris JK. Latina college students: The impact of stress, acculturation, and social support on psychological well-being and distress [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: California School of Professional Psychology\u2014Los Angeles; 1997."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2001.00915.x","article-title":"Racial discrimination as a moderator of the links among stress, maternal psychological functioning, and family relationships","volume":"63","author":"VM Murry","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2008.00488.x","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of Stressors on Relationship Well-Being and Parenting among Rural African American Women","volume":"57","author":"VM Murry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Family Relations"},{"key":"ref264","unstructured":"Nair RL. Cultural stressors, supportiveness, and psychopathology among Mexican American adolescents: A test of three competing models [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Arizona State University; 2008."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3182583a50","article-title":"The protective role of racial identity and Africentric worldview in the association between racial discrimination and blood pressure","volume":"74","author":"EW Neblett Jr.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosomatic medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2008.00568.x","article-title":"Patterns of racial socialization and psychological adjustment: Can parental communications about race reduce the impact of racial discrimination?","volume":"18","author":"EWJ Neblett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005272805052","article-title":"Satisfaction with life among adolescents from immigrant families in Portugal","volume":"30","author":"F Neto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/13691830500335507","article-title":"Psycho-Social Predictors of Perceived Discrimination Among Adolescents of Immigrant Background: A Portuguese Study","volume":"32","author":"F Neto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2000.28.2.193","article-title":"Predictors of Loneliness Among Adolescents from Portuguese Immigrant Families in Switzerland","volume":"28","author":"F Neto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3202_11","article-title":"The impact of perceived racism: psychological symptoms among African American boys","volume":"32","author":"VM Nyborg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology: the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2010.00704.x","article-title":"Buffers of Racial Discrimination: Links with Depression among Rural African American Mothers","volume":"72","author":"EC Odom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"ref272","unstructured":"Oh MY. Contingencies of self-esteem: The psychological well-being and impact of perceived experiences of discrimination among Korean Americans (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, 2001) Dissertation Abstracts International. 2001;2B(1093)."},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18381","DOI":"10.3402\/ijch.v71i0.18381","article-title":"The health of young Swedish Sami with special reference to mental health","volume":"71","author":"L Omma","year":"2012","journal-title":"International journal of circumpolar health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015335","article-title":"Racial discrimination and the stress process","volume":"96","author":"AD Ong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3233\/DEV-2011-11076","article-title":"The role of social support in the association between perceived discrimination and mental health among youth immigrants in Norway","volume":"5","author":"B Oppedal","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Developmental Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00381.x","article-title":"Ethnic group, acculturation, and psychiatric problems in young immigrants","volume":"46","author":"B Oppedal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.07.002","article-title":"The role of migration in the development of depressive symptoms among Latino immigrant parents in the USA","volume":"73","author":"IJ Ornelas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social science & medicine (1982)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.164954","article-title":"The Association of Perceived Abuse and Discrimination After September 11, 2001, With Psychological Distress, Level of Happiness, and Health Status Among Arab Americans","volume":"100","author":"AI Padela","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2013.799218","article-title":"Health effects of perceived racial and religious bullying among urban adolescents in China: A cross-sectional national study","volume":"8","author":"SW Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref280","first-page":"502","article-title":"Adapting the everyday discrimination scale to medical settings: reliability and validity testing in a sample of African American patients","volume":"21","author":"ME Peek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ethnicity and Disease"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945904265816","article-title":"Racism and hypertension among African Americans","volume":"26","author":"RM Peters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Western Journal of Nursing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2006.00108.x","article-title":"The Relationship of Racism, Chronic Stress Emotions, and Blood Pressure","volume":"38","author":"RM Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01661.x","article-title":"Psychological variables as predictors of perceived ethnic discrimination among minority and immigrant adolescents","volume":"28","author":"JS Phinney","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref284","author":"Palacio SP Piedrahita","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.54.1.101","article-title":"An examination of the relationship between general life stress, racism-related stress, and psychological health among black men","volume":"54","author":"AL Pieterse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0244","article-title":"An Exploratory Investigation of the Relationship between Racism, Racial Identity, Perceptions of Health, and Health Locus of Control among Black American Women","volume":"21","author":"AL Pieterse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2010.00609.x","article-title":"The Role of Racial Identity in Perceived Racism and Psychological Stress Among Black American Adults: Exploring Traditional and Alternative Approaches","volume":"40","author":"AL Pieterse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref288","first-page":"289","article-title":"Psychosocial factors contribute to resting blood pressures in African Americans","volume":"18","author":"MA Pointer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.11.2.144","article-title":"Why Are Hispanics at Greater Risk for PTSD?","volume":"11","author":"N Pole","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397109352779","article-title":"The role of attachment styles, perceived discrimination, and cultural distance in adjustment of German and Eastern European immigrants in the Netherlands","volume":"44","author":"E Polek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cross-Cultural Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.83.3.735","article-title":"Influence of long-term racial environmental composition on subjective well-being in African Americans","volume":"83","author":"T Postmes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001174","article-title":"Genetic bottlenecks, perceived racism, and hypertension risk among African Americans and first-generation African immigrants","volume":"15","author":"WS Poston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of human hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref293","first-page":"375","article-title":"The impact of ecological risk and perceived discrimination on the psychological adjustment of African American and European American youth","volume":"32","author":"HM Prelow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of CommunityPsychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798406292677","article-title":"Perceived racial discrimination, social support, and psychological adjustment among African American college students","volume":"32","author":"HM Prelow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.117366","article-title":"Exploring relationships between racism, housing and child illness in remote Aboriginal communities","volume":"66","author":"N Priest","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"issue":"568","key":"ref296","first-page":"1","article-title":"Racism and health among urban Aboriginal young people","volume":"11","author":"N Priest","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03099.x","article-title":"Racism as a determinant of social and emotional wellbeing for Aboriginal Australian youth","volume":"194","author":"NC Priest","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Medical journal of Australia"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018377","article-title":"Once, twice, or three times as harmful? Ethnic harassment, gender harassment, and generalized workplace harassment","volume":"95","author":"JL Raver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref299","author":"CA Rees","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031906","article-title":"Can additive measures add to an intersectional understanding? Experiences of gay and ethnic discrimination among HIV-positive Latino gay men","volume":"19","author":"CA Reisen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2010.545988","article-title":"Acculturative stress as a risk factor of depression and anxiety in the Latin American immigrant population","volume":"23","author":"H-W Revollo","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref302","unstructured":"Rich Rice KL. The effects of perceived racial discrimination on interparental conflict and child emotional adjustment in White, Hispanic, and Black families [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: The University of Texas at Arlington; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-007-9227-x","article-title":"A closer look at peer discrimination, ethnic identity, and psychological well-being among urban Chinese American sixth graders","volume":"37","author":"D Rivas-Drake","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm334","article-title":"Cross-sectional association between perceived discrimination and hypertension in African-American men and women: the Pitt County Study","volume":"167","author":"CB Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025430","article-title":"From Racial Discrimination to Risky Sex: Prospective Relations Involving Peers and Parents","volume":"48","author":"ME Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"ref306","unstructured":"Rodriguez MG. Job stress and perceptions among Hispanic professionals of prejudice and discrimination in the workplace [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: The University of Tennessee; 2002."},{"key":"ref307","author":"MC Rosas","year":"1999"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508317182","article-title":"Prevalence and Mental Health Correlates of Harassment and Discrimination in the Workplace","volume":"24","author":"KM Rospenda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.12.004","article-title":"From the family universe to the outside world: Family relations, school attitude, and perception of racismin Caribbean and Filipino adolescents","volume":"15","author":"C Rousseau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health & Place"},{"issue":"4-B","key":"ref310","article-title":"Correlates of worry and generalized anxiety disorder in Black\/African Americans","volume":"66","author":"LS Rucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: Sciences and Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2009.04.001","article-title":"Relationships among perceived racial stress, intolerance of uncertainty, and worry in a black sample","volume":"41","author":"LS Rucker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavior therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00919.x","article-title":"Factors associated with acculturative stress and depressive symptomatology","volume":"11","author":"VN Salgado de Synder","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2007.00447.x","article-title":"Skin Colour, Perception of Racism and Depression among Adolescents in Urban Brazil","volume":"12","author":"V Santana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child & Adolescent Mental Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.825","article-title":"Discrimination and subjective well\u2010being: The moderating roles of identification with the heritage group and the host majority group","volume":"41","author":"J Schaafsma","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.131","article-title":"Constructing a minority group identity out of shared rejection: The case of international students","volume":"33","author":"MT Schmitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.85.1.3","article-title":"An examination of the nature and correlates of ethnic harassment experiences in multiple contexts","volume":"85","author":"KT Schneider","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01651.x","article-title":"The Moderating Capacity of Racial Identity between Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being over Time among African American Youth","volume":"82","author":"EK Seaton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.2307\/1519781","article-title":"Racial Identity, Racial Discrimination, Perceived Stress, and Psychological Distress among African American Young Adults","volume":"44","author":"RM Sellers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Health & Social Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.5.1079","article-title":"The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination","volume":"84","author":"RM Sellers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x","article-title":"Racial Identity Matters: The Relationship between Racial Discrimination and Psychological Functioning in African American Adolescents","volume":"16","author":"RM Sellers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198106293526","article-title":"Effects of racial discrimination and health behaviors on mental and physical health of middle-class African American men","volume":"36","author":"SL Sellers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health education & behavior: the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education"},{"key":"ref322","unstructured":"Sharif H. Obesity-related behaviors, perceived racism, and health status among African American and black immigrant students [Ed.D.]. Ann Arbor: Teachers College, Columbia University; 2007."},{"key":"ref323","article-title":"Racism and Cancer Prevention: The Role of Perceived Racism and Race-based Residential Segregation on Behavioural Cancer Risk Profiles","author":"S Shariff-Marco","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.163899","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Racism and Its Association With Cancer-Related Health Behaviors","volume":"100","author":"S Shariff-Marco","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"ref325","author":"A Sharma","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260505282885","article-title":"Islamophobia pre- and post-September 11th, 2001","volume":"21","author":"LP Sheridan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0739986302024001001","article-title":"Predicting perceptions of discrimination among Hispanics and Anglos","volume":"24","author":"HS Shorey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"155","key":"ref328","first-page":"601","article-title":"Ethnic identity as a predictor of problem behaviors among Korean American Adolescents","volume":"39","author":"EK Shrake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087688","article-title":"Social and environmental predictors of maternal depression in current and recent welfare recipients","volume":"70","author":"K Siefert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.170.4.351","article-title":"Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: assocations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors","volume":"170","author":"D Silove","year":"1997","journal-title":"The British journal of psychiatry: the journal of mental science"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820300095711","article-title":"Incidents of Discrimination and Risk for Delinquency: A Longitudinal Test of Strain Theory with an African American Sample","volume":"20","author":"RL Simons","year":"2003","journal-title":"Justice Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579402002109","article-title":"Discrimination, crime, ethnic identity, and parenting as correlates of depressive symptoms among African American children: A multilevel analysis","volume":"14","author":"RL Simons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref333","unstructured":"Sinkule JA. The psychological functioning of Bosnian refugees residing in the United States: An examination of the impact of trauma, acculturation, community connectedness, perceived discrimination and ethnic identity [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: George Mason University; 2008."},{"key":"ref334","unstructured":"Smith J. A study of stress and perceived health status among international college students [M.S.]. Ann Arbor: Utah State University; 2003."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-006-0035-4","article-title":"Acculturation, internalizing mental health symptoms, and self-esteem: cultural experiences of Latino adolescents in North Carolina","volume":"37","author":"PR Smokowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child psychiatry and human development"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20346","article-title":"Interpersonal mediators linking acculturation stressors to subsequent internalizing symptoms and self-esteem in latino adolescents","volume":"37","author":"PR Smokowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-009-0157-6","article-title":"Influence of Risk Factors and Cultural Assets on Latino Adolescents\u2019 Trajectories of Self-Esteem and Internalizing Symptoms","volume":"41","author":"PR Smokowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry & Human Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/07399863910134003","article-title":"Unequal employment status and ethnicity: Further analyses of the USPI-ESPI model","volume":"13","author":"FI Soriano","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref339","first-page":"290","article-title":"Causes and consequences of work stress: A comparison of foreign and American workers in the United States","volume":"69","author":"A Soylu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"key":"ref340","unstructured":"Staggers-Hakim R. The moderating effect of discrimination and the intersection of race, class, and gender on obesity [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Howard University; 2009."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref341","first-page":"16","article-title":"Sleep disturbance mediates the relationship between perceived racism and depressive symptoms","volume":"16","author":"PR Steffen","year":"2006","journal-title":"EthnDis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSY.0000079380.95903.78","article-title":"Effects of perceived racism and anger inhibition on ambulatory blood pressure in African Americans","volume":"65","author":"PR Steffen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychosomatic medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-012-9765-8","article-title":"Cultural stressors and the hopelessness model of depressive symptoms in Latino adolescents","volume":"41","author":"GL Stein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of youth and adolescence"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0988-9","article-title":"Predicting internalizing problems in Moroccan immigrant adolescents in the Netherlands","volume":"40","author":"GWJM Stevens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798412438395","article-title":"Racism and Illicit Drug Use Among African American Women: The Protective Effects of Ethnic Identity, Affirmation, and Behavior","volume":"38","author":"D Stevens-Watkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"key":"ref346","unstructured":"Suleiman Gonzalez LP. Stress, sociocultural mediators and mental health in Mexican Americans [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Loyola University of Chicago; 1999."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0042-4","article-title":"Sociocultural adjustment among sojourning Malaysian students in Britain: a replication and path analytic extension","volume":"45","author":"V Swami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.9.2.141","article-title":"Discrimination and Puerto Rican children's and adolescents' mental health","volume":"9","author":"LA Szalacha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-011-9188-z","article-title":"Racial Discrimination Is Associated with a Measure of Red Blood Cell Oxidative Stress: A Potential Pathway for Racial Health Disparities","volume":"19","author":"S Szanton","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000010378895","article-title":"Do Religious Coping Styles Moderate or Mediate the External and Internalized Racism-Distress Links?","volume":"39","author":"DM Szymanski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Counseling Psychologist"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-007-0184-1","article-title":"A longitudinal study of acculturative stress and homesickness: high-school adolescents immigrating from Russia and Ukraine to Israel without parents","volume":"42","author":"E Tartakovsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2009.00589.x","article-title":"The Psychological Well-Being of Unaccompanied Minors: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents Immigrating from Russia and Ukraine to Israel without Parents","volume":"19","author":"E Tartakovsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2012.693425","article-title":"Implications of Perceived Interpersonal and Structural Racism for Asian Americans' Self-Esteem","volume":"34","author":"J Tawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089009056222","article-title":"Factors affecting alcohol consumption in black women. Part I","volume":"25","author":"J Taylor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Addictions"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/3090120","article-title":"Perceived discrimination, social stress, and depression in the transition to adulthood: Racial contrasts","volume":"65","author":"J Taylor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Social Psychology Quarterly"},{"key":"ref356","unstructured":"Terrell BP. Impact of ethnic socialization, ethnic identity, and discrimination on self-esteem and parenting attitudes of middle-class African-American men [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Institute for Clinical Social Work (Chicago); 2003."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031739","article-title":"Health Consequences of Racist and Antigay Discrimination for Multiple Minority Adolescents","volume":"19","author":"BC Thoma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903393589","article-title":"Strong Souls: The Development and validation of a culturally appropriate tool for assessment of social and emotional well being in Indigenous youth","volume":"44","author":"A Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref359","unstructured":"Thomas D-M. The influence of perceptions and experiences of racial discrimination on body mass index among the Black Women's Health Study cohort [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: Virginia Commonwealth University; 2006."},{"key":"ref360","author":"HS Thompson","year":"1999"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2010.01257.x","article-title":"Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health","volume":"32","author":"ILG Todorova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sociology of health & illness"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2010.29.10.1074","article-title":"Racial Microaggressions and Psychological Functioning among Highly Achieving African-Americans: A Mixed-Methods Approach","volume":"29","author":"L Torres","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026710","article-title":"Discrimination, acculturation, acculturative stress, and Latino psychological distress: A moderated mediational model","volume":"18","author":"L Torres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020652","article-title":"A Daily Diary Investigation of Latino Ethnic Identity, Discrimination, and Depression","volume":"16","author":"L Torres","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2011.01117.x","article-title":"Discrimination and Latino psychological distress: The moderating role of ethnic identity exploration and commitment","volume":"81","author":"L Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref366","unstructured":"Tran N. Using color-blindness to understand the effects of discrimination on the well-being of Asian Americans [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of Illinois at Chicago; 2010."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/0739986311435900","article-title":"Skin tone, racism, locus of control, hostility, and blood pressure in Hispanic college students","volume":"34","author":"B Trevino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.8.1498","article-title":"Internalized racism is associated with glucose intolerance among black Americans in the US Virgin Islands","volume":"24","author":"ES Tull","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref369","first-page":"731","article-title":"Internalized racism is associated with elevated fasting glucose in a sample of adult women but not men in Zimbabwe","volume":"17","author":"ES Tull","year":"2007","journal-title":"EthnDis"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref370","first-page":"447","article-title":"Relationship of internalized racism to abdominal obesity and blood pressure in Afro-Caribbean women","volume":"91","author":"ES Tull","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the National Medical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032960","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among immigrant-origin adolescents","volume":"19","author":"P Tummala-Narra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027032","article-title":"Online racial discrimination and the protective function of ethnic identity and self-esteem for African American adolescents","volume":"48","author":"BM Tynes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"ref373","unstructured":"Ullah J. An examination of the role of social constraint in the relationship of perceived racism to depression and anxiety [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: St. John's University (New York); 2011."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2006.08.002","article-title":"Latino adolescents\u2019 mental health: Exploring the interrelations among discrimination, ethnic identity, cultural orientation, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms","volume":"30","author":"AJ Uma\u00f1a-Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref375","first-page":"6610","article-title":"The relationship between ethnic identity and ethnic- racial socialization in predicting perceived discrimination and subjective well-being among Latino college students in the southwest","volume":"70","author":"J Vasquez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B Sciences and Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/00224549809600402","article-title":"Perceived Discrimination and Self-Esteem among Ethnic Minority Adolescents","volume":"138","author":"M Verkuyten","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/13576500444000290","article-title":"The puzzle of high self-esteem among ethnic minorities: Comparing explicit and implicit self-esteem","volume":"4","author":"M Verkuyten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Self and Identity"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02662.x","article-title":"Self-Esteem, Discrimination, and Coping Among Refugees: The Moderating Role of Self-Categorization","volume":"31","author":"M Verkuyten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref379","first-page":"53","article-title":"Perceived discrimination, a risk factor for developing psychoses in Romanian emigrants?","volume":"86","author":"A-M Vrem\u0103roiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clujul Medical"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kql088","article-title":"Racial discrimination, ethnicity and work stress","volume":"57","author":"E Wadsworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-011-9320-1","article-title":"Discrimination as a key mediator of the relationship between posttraumatic stress and HIV treatment adherence among African American men","volume":"35","author":"GJ Wagner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1756","article-title":"Depression and depression care in diabetes: Relationship to perceived discrimination in African Americans","volume":"30","author":"J Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref383","unstructured":"Walls ML. A mixed methods examination of Indigenous youth suicide [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: The University of Nebraska\u2014Lincoln; 2007."},{"key":"ref384","unstructured":"Walters JM. Testing a biopsychosocial model of perceived racism among Latinos [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2004."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032344","article-title":"Family Support, Self-Esteem, and Perceived Racial Discrimination Among Asian American Male College Students","volume":"60","author":"M Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012511","article-title":"Moderating effects of three coping strategies and self-esteem on perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms: A minority stress model for Asian international students","volume":"55","author":"M Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028000","article-title":"Ethnic and mainstream social connectedness, perceived racial discrimination, and posttraumatic stress symptoms","volume":"59","author":"M Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029453","article-title":"A development and validation of the Perceived Language Discrimination Scale","volume":"18","author":"M Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2307\/3090187","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and early substance abuse among American Indian children","volume":"42","author":"LB Whitbeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref390","first-page":"601","article-title":"The association between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms: An examination of African American couples","volume":"71","author":"TKA Wickrama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"71","article-title":"Self, social identity, and physical health: Interdisciplinary explorations","author":"DR Williams","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref392","unstructured":"Wong CA. The risks and protective factors of the content of racial stigma on African-American and White early adolescents' development [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; 1997."},{"key":"ref393","unstructured":"Yap SCY. Understanding the association between perceived discrimination, racial identity and well-being [M.A.]. Ann Arbor: Michigan State University; 2011."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022535","article-title":"Mediators of the relationship between racial identity and life satisfaction in a community sample of African American women and men","volume":"17","author":"SCY Yap","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/13811110600558240","article-title":"Suicidal Ideation Among American Indian Youths","volume":"10","author":"KA Yoder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Suicide Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.52.4.497","article-title":"Ethnic Identity and Approach-Type Coping as Moderators of the Racial Discrimination\/Well-Being Relation in Asian Americans","volume":"52","author":"HC Yoo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025366","article-title":"Social Connectedness, Discrimination, and Social Status as Mediators of Acculturation\/Enculturation and Well-Being","volume":"59","author":"E Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028866","article-title":"Trajectories of depressive symptoms and self-esteem in Latino youths: Examining the role of gender and perceived discrimination","volume":"49","author":"KH Zeiders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932012000429","article-title":"Changes in Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index in the US Cardia Cohort: fixed-effects associations with self-reported experiences of racial\/ethnic discrimination","volume":"45","author":"TJ Cunningham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Biosocial Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq463","article-title":"Association Between Perceived Interpersonal Everyday Discrimination and Waist Circumference Over a 9-Year Period in the Midlife Development in the United States Cohort Study","volume":"173","author":"HER Hunte","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref401","first-page":"569","article-title":"Handbook of health psychology","author":"E Brondolo","year":"2011"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3182733665","article-title":"Implicit racial bias as a moderator of the association between racial discrimination and hypertension: a study of Midlife African American men","volume":"74","author":"DH Chae","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.10.1370","article-title":"Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults","volume":"86","author":"N Krieger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2014.989204","article-title":"More than skin deep: Stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination","volume":"18","author":"M Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089134","article-title":"Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion","volume":"302","author":"N Eisenberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12058","article-title":"The Relationships among Vigilant Coping Style, Race, and Depression","volume":"70","author":"TA LaVeist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-013-9095-9","article-title":""Every Shut Eye, Ain't Sleep": The Role of Racism-Related Vigilance in Racial\/Ethnic Disparities in Sleep","volume":"5","author":"MT Hicken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Difficulty Race and Social Problems"},{"key":"ref408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301395","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in hypertension prevalence: reconsidering the role of chronic stress","volume":"104","author":"MT Hicken","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798412461808","article-title":"Development and Validation of the Prolonged Activation and Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale","volume":"39","author":"SO Utsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023357","article-title":"Rumination partially mediates the associations between perceived ethnic discrimination, emotional distress, and aggression","volume":"17","author":"A Borders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2014.966104","article-title":"Vigilance in the discrimination-stress model for Black Americans","volume":"30","author":"MS Himmelstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychology and Health"},{"key":"ref412","first-page":"540","article-title":"Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life","author":"R Clark","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300666","article-title":"A Life Course Perspective on How Racism May Be Related to Health Inequities","volume":"102","author":"GC Gee","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-013-9969-3","article-title":"Ethnic and gender differences in the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms among five immigrant groups","volume":"16","author":"IH Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of immigrant and minority health \/ Center for Minority Public Health"},{"key":"ref415","article-title":"Assessing Measurement Invariance of the Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II Among Hispanics, African Americans, and European Americans","author":"Y Shigemoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2012.12.007","article-title":"When white people report racial discrimination: The role of region, religion, and politics","volume":"42","author":"D Mayrl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2014.921891","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and chronic health in adults from nine ethnic subgroups in the USA","volume":"20","author":"SK Carlisle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethnicity and Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.638","article-title":"The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results","volume":"86","author":"R Rosenthal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref419","first-page":"40","article-title":"Perceived racial discrimination in health care and its association with patients' healthcare experiences: does the measure matter?","volume":"20","author":"LRM Hausmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethnicity & Disease"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.12.020","article-title":"Racial discrimination and health: A systematic review of scales with a focus on their psychometric properties","volume":"70","author":"JL Bastos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"605","article-title":"APA handbooks in psychology","author":"HC Yoo","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305","article-title":"Racial differences in physical and mental health: socioeconomic status, stress, and discrimination","volume":"2","author":"DR Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Health Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr287","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic Differences in Responses to the Everyday Discrimination Scale: A Differential Item Functioning Analysis","volume":"175","author":"TT Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023356","article-title":"An Item Factor Analysis and Item Response Theory-Based Revision of the Everyday Discrimination Scale","volume":"17","author":"BD Stucky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X11416564","article-title":"Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to Evaluate a Racial Ethnic Discrimination Scale","volume":"23","author":"BB Reeve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/15313204.2011.647348","article-title":"Cross-Cultural Equivalence of a Measure of Perceived Discrimination Between Chinese-Americans and Vietnamese-Americans","volume":"21","author":"KT Chana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic And Cultural Diversity in Social Work"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036431","article-title":"Race\/ethnicity and measurement equivalence of the Everyday Discrimination Scale","volume":"26","author":"G Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr253","article-title":"Assessment of differential item functioning in the experiences of discrimination index: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study","volume":"174","author":"TJ Cunningham","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-013-9787-x","article-title":"Comparing measures of racial\/ethnic discrimination, coping, and associations with health-related outcomes in a diverse sample","volume":"90","author":"MR Benjamins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal Of Urban Health"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-013-9607-1","article-title":"Family Contexts: Parental Experiences of Discrimination and Child Mental Health","volume":"53","author":"AGTT Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027279","article-title":"Cross-Generational Effects of Discrimination Among Immigrant Mothers: Perceived Discrimination Predicts Child\u2019s Healthcare Visits for Illness","volume":"32","author":"ML Halim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"ref432","article-title":"Measuring Racial Discrimination","author":"RM Blank","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.754","article-title":"Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention","volume":"301","author":"JP Shonkoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138511","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T09:11:37Z","timestamp":1692004297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138511"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Robert K","family":"Hills","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]},"references-count":433,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138511","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]}}}