{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:22:15Z","timestamp":1790144535239,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T19:19:00Z","timestamp":1446664740000},"page":"e0139630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Nuclear Markers Reveal Predominantly North to South Gene Flow in Ixodes scapularis, the Tick Vector of the Lyme Disease Spirochete"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Janice","family":"Van Zee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Piesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrias","family":"Hojgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Cormack","family":"Black IV","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.278331","article-title":"CDC Estimates 300 000 US Cases of Lyme Disease Annually","volume":"310","author":"BM Kuehn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jama-J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.5.901","article-title":"in Dutchess County, New York, with the agents of Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis","volume":"35","author":"EM Schauber","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0302.970209","article-title":"A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini","volume":"3","author":"Telford Sr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.30.010185.002255","article-title":"Ecology of Ixodes dammini-borne human babesiosis and Lyme disease","volume":"30","author":"A Spielman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.5.629","article-title":"Reported distribution of Ixodes scapularis and in Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States","volume":"35","author":"DT Dennis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1992\u20131998","volume":"49","author":"K Orloski","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR CDC Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1086\/432958","article-title":"Rash decisions: Lyme disease, or not?","volume":"41","author":"DT Dennis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00526.x","article-title":"Field and climate-based model for predicting the density of host-seeking nymphal Ixodes scapularis, an important vector of tick-borne disease agents in the eastern United States","volume":"19","author":"MA Diuk-Wasser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Ecol Biogeogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0395","article-title":"Human Risk of Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Agent, in Eastern United States","volume":"86","author":"MA Diuk-Wasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0630","article-title":"Geographic Variation in the Relationship between Human Lyme Disease Incidence and Density of Infected Host-Seeking Ixodes scapularis Nymphs in the Eastern United States","volume":"86","author":"KM Pepin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.54","article-title":"Conspecificity of the Ticks Ixodes-Scapularis and Ixodes-Dammini (Acari, Ixodidae)","volume":"30","author":"JH Oliver","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10221","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.21.10221","article-title":"Investigation of the Validity of Species Status of Ixodes-Dammini (Acari, Ixodidae) Using Rdna","volume":"90","author":"DM Wesson","year":"1993","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1995.1033","article-title":"Discriminating between Ixodes ticks by means of mitochondrial DNA sequences","volume":"4","author":"DA Caporale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.1.78","article-title":"Population genetics of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S genes","volume":"33","author":"DE Norris","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/160.3.833","article-title":"Geographic uniformity of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) and its shared history with tick vector (Ixodes scapularis) in the northeastern United States","volume":"160","author":"WG Qiu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.14.6284","article-title":"Distribution of the Ixodes-Ricinus-Like Ticks of Eastern North-America","volume":"92","author":"SM Rich","year":"1995","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.07.005","article-title":"High SNP density in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, the principal vector of Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"4","author":"J Van Zee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.130782","article-title":"Lyme disease, Virginia, USA, 2000\u20132011","volume":"20","author":"RJ Brinkerhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"3","article-title":"Geographical and environmental factors driving the increase in the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis","author":"CE Khatchikian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.05.022","article-title":"Population genetic structure of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis at an apparent spatial expansion front","volume":"27","author":"RR Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2010.01001.x","article-title":"Uncoordinated phylogeography of Borrelia burgdorferi and its tick vector, Ixodes scapularis","volume":"64","author":"PT Humphrey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"0","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.11.008","article-title":"Thirty years of tick population genetics: A comprehensive review","volume":"29","author":"A Araya-Anchetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1995.139","article-title":"Evolution of the rDNA spacer, ITS 2, in the ticks Ixodes scapularis and I. pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"75","author":"DK McLain","year":"1995","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/160.3.833","article-title":"Geographic uniformity of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) and its shared history with tick vector (Ixodes scapularis) in the Northeastern United States","volume":"160","author":"WG Qiu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"9","article-title":"Population and Demographic Structure of Ixodes scapularis Say in the Eastern United States","author":"JM Sakamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref26","first-page":"921","article-title":"Maximum-Likelihood-Estimation of Molecular Haplotype Frequencies in a Diploid Population","volume":"12","author":"L Excoffier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"7","article-title":"BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees","author":"AJ Drummond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bmc Evol Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.09.007","article-title":"Coalescent genealogy samplers: windows into population history","volume":"24","author":"MK Kuhner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp187","article-title":"DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data","volume":"25","author":"P Librado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1086\/319501","article-title":"A New Statistical Method for Haplotype Reconstruction from Population Data","volume":"68","author":"M Stephens","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/123.3.585","article-title":"Statistical-Method for Testing the Neutral Mutation Hypothesis by DNA Polymorphism","volume":"123","author":"F Tajima","year":"1989","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033","article-title":"RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies","volume":"30","author":"A Stamatakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref33","first-page":"552","article-title":"Population-Growth Makes Waves in the Distribution of Pairwise Genetic-Differences","volume":"9","author":"AR Rogers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/117693430500100003","article-title":"Arlequin (version 3.0): An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis","volume":"1","author":"L Excoffier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evol Bioinform"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data","volume":"155","author":"JK Pritchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref36","first-page":"2357","article-title":"Recommendations for utilizing and reporting population genetic analyses: the reproducibility of genetic clustering using the program STRUCTURE (vol 21, pg 4925, 2012)","volume":"22","author":"KJ Gilbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular ecology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x","article-title":"Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study","volume":"14","author":"G Evanno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Molecular ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8286.2003.00566.x","article-title":"DISTRUCT: a program for the graphical display of population structure","volume":"4","author":"NA Rosenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Notes"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","article-title":"MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space","volume":"61","author":"F Ronquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/156.4.1461","article-title":"Origins of the coalescent: 1974\u20131982","volume":"156","author":"JFC Kingman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101694","article-title":"Dating of the Human Ape Splitting by a Molecular Clock of Mitochondrial-DNA","volume":"22","author":"M Hasegawa","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-289","article-title":"Bayesian inference of population size history from multiple loci","volume":"8","author":"J Heled","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bmc Evol Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btk051","article-title":"LAMARC 2.0: maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation of population parameters","volume":"22","author":"MK Kuhner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msq051","article-title":"Revisiting the Insect Mitochondrial Molecular Clock: The Mid-Aegean Trench Calibration","volume":"27","author":"A Papadopoulou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"United States. Forest Service., Keys JE, United States. Forest Service. Southern Region. Geometronics. Ecological units of the eastern United States first approximation. Atlanta, Ga.: The Service,; 1995. p. 1 computer laser optical disc col. maps 4 3\/4 in."},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"United States. Forest Service. Southern Region. Geometronics., Keys JE, Carpenter CA, cartographers. Ecological units of the eastern United States: first approximation [1 map]. Atlanta, Ga.?: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service,; 1995."},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Lyme Borreliosis: Biology, Epidemiology, and Control Wallingford","author":"J Piesman","year":"2002"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02633-08","article-title":"Climate and Tick Seasonality Are Predictors of Borrelia burgdorferi Genotype Distribution","volume":"75","author":"AG Gatewood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.2307\/3284201","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in the southern United States: A review","volume":"82","author":"JH Oliver","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11210","article-title":"Passive Surveillance for I. scapularis Ticks: Enhanced Analysis for Early Detection of Emerging Lyme Disease Risk","volume":"49","author":"JK Koffi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00857-08","article-title":"Role of migratory birds in introduction and range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada (vol 74, pg 1780, 2008)","volume":"74","author":"NH Ogden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2012.02112.x","article-title":"Predicting the speed of tick invasion: an empirical model of range expansion for the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in Canada","volume":"49","author":"PA Leighton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.08.016","article-title":"Climate change and the potential for range expansion of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in Canada","volume":"36","author":"NH Ogden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0139630","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T06:47:28Z","timestamp":1718174848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0139630"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0139630","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]}}}