{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:22:40Z","timestamp":1793103760313,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T19:12:14Z","timestamp":1446664334000},"page":"e0140640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Patterns of Natural and Human-Caused Mortality Factors of a Rare Forest Carnivore, the Fisher (Pekania pennanti) in California"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mourad W.","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie W.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greta M.","family":"Wengert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Mark","family":"Higley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick A.","family":"Sweitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reginald H.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Gaffney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Poppenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard N.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deana L.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin N.","family":"Sacks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032726","article-title":"Carnivore translocations and conservation: insights from population models and field data for fishers (<italic>Martes pennanti<\/italic>)","volume":"7","author":"JC Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"174","author":"EC Lofroth","year":"2010"},{"issue":"68","key":"ref3","first-page":"18770","article-title":"50-CFR Part 17 Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; 12 month findings for a petition to list the west coast distinct population segment of the fisher (<italic>Martes pennanti<\/italic>); proposed rule","volume":"69","year":"2004","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 50-CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Threatened Species Status for West Coast Distinct Population Segment of Fisher: Proposed Ruling. Federal Register Docket No FWS\u2013R8\u2013ES\u20132014\u20130041. 2014:1\u201394."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2003.01715.x","article-title":"Conservation genetics of the fisher (<italic>Martes pennanti<\/italic>) based on mitochondrial DNA sequencing","volume":"12","author":"R Drew","year":"2003","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52803","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052803","article-title":"Historical and contemporary DNA indicate fisher decline and isolation occurred prior to the European settlement of California","volume":"7","author":"JM Tucker","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1644\/BEL-011","article-title":"Genetic diversity and structure of the fisher (<italic>Martes pennanti<\/italic>) in a peninsular and peripheral metapopulation","volume":"85","author":"SM Wisely","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.10.027","article-title":"Using occupancy and population models to assess habitat conservation opportunities for an isolated carnivore population","volume":"144","author":"W Spencer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Buck S. Habitat utilization by fisher (<italic>Martes pennanti<\/italic>) near Big Bar, California [Master&apos;s Thesis]. Arcata, California: Humboldt State University; 1982."},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"118","article-title":"Wildlife Management Division Nongame Bird and Mammal Section","author":"RL Truex","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"32","author":"KB Aubry","year":"2006"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40163","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040163","article-title":"Anticoagulant Rodenticides on our Public and Community Lands: Spatial Distribution of Exposure and Poisoning of a Rare Forest Carnivore","volume":"7","author":"MW Gabriel","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"ref13","author":"RA Powell","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Gabriel M, Wengert G. Assessment of the modification of stress-causing environmental factors in an improved nest box design for mesocarnivores. Western Section of the Wildlife Society Annual Conference Sacramento CA. 2005."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Wilbert JC. Spatial scale and seasonality of habitat selections by martens in southeastern Wyoming [Master\u2019s Thesis]. Laramie, Wyoming: University of Wyoming; 1992."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"152","article-title":"Carnivore ecology and conservation: A handbook of techniques","author":"MR Fuller","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"138","article-title":"Biology and conservation of martens, sables and fishers: A new synthesis","author":"MW Gabriel","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.7589\/2011-12-350","article-title":"Canine Distemper in an Isolated Population of Fishers (<italic>Martes pennanti<\/italic>) from California","volume":"48","author":"SM Keller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.287","article-title":"Molecular techniques for identifying intraguild predators of fishers and other north American small carnivores","volume":"37","author":"GM Wengert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Gabriel MW, Wengert GM, Foley JE, Higley JM, Matthews S, Brown RN. Pathogens associated with fishers (<italic>Martes pennanti<\/italic>) and sympatric mesocarnivores in California\u2014final draft report to the US Fish and Wildlife Service for grant # 813335G021. Yreka, California, USA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 2007. p. 48\u2013101."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.3.966","article-title":"Effectiveness of rapid diagnostic tests to assess pathogens of fishers (<italic>Martes pennanti<\/italic>) and gray foxes (<italic>Urocyon cinereoargenteus<\/italic>)","volume":"46","author":"MW Gabriel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"ref22","author":"CA Janeway","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl073","article-title":"The effect of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> on animal behavior: playing cat and mouse","volume":"33","author":"JP Webster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophrenia bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.495","article-title":"Patterns of mortality in southern sea otters (<italic>Enhydra lutris nereis<\/italic>) from 1998\u20132001","volume":"39","author":"C Kreuder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812436743","article-title":"Emergence of canine distemper virus strain with modified molecular signature and enhanced neuronal tropism leading to high mortality in wild carnivores","volume":"49","author":"F Origgi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"294","article-title":"Carnivore Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques: A Handbook of Techniques","author":"GM Wengert","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Essentials of disease in wild animals","author":"GA Wobeser","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-48978-8","article-title":"Disease in wild animals: Investigation and management","author":"GA Wobeser","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Croissant Y. Estimation of multinomial logit models in R: The mlogit Packages. R package version 02\u20132 Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/cranr-project.org\/web\/packages\/mlogit\/vignettes\/mlogit.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/cranr-project.org\/web\/packages\/mlogit\/vignettes\/mlogit.pdf<\/ext-link>. 2012."},{"key":"ref30","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Epidemiology","author":"L Gordis","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref32","first-page":"360","article-title":"Understanding interobserver agreement: The kappa statistic","volume":"37","author":"AJ Viera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Family Medicine"},{"key":"ref33","author":"K Burnham","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387","article-title":"Applied logistic regression","author":"DW Hosmer Jr","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.698","article-title":"Using DNA to describe and quantify interspecific killing of fishers in California","volume":"78","author":"GM Wengert","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12038","article-title":"Impacts of rodenticide and insecticide toxicants from marijuana cultivation sites on fisher survival rates in the Sierra National Forest, California","volume":"7","author":"C Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conservation Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3996\/012012-JFWM-002","article-title":"Estimating trend in occupancy for the Southern Sierra fisher (<italic>Martes pennanti<\/italic>) population","volume":"4","author":"WJ Zielinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2011.00458.x","article-title":"Causes of mortality in North American populations of large and medium\u2010sized mammals","volume":"14","author":"C Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal Conservation"},{"key":"ref39","author":"RA Powell","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.2307\/1940455","article-title":"Elevated predation rates as an edge effect in habitat islands: Experimental evidence","volume":"69","author":"H Andr\u00e9n","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2007)88[334:FWAIPC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Food webs and intraguild predation: community interactions of a native mesocarnivore","volume":"88","author":"CM Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Wengert GM. Ecology of Intraguild Predation on Fishers (<italic>Martes pennanti<\/italic>) in California [Dissertation]. Davis, California: University of California Davis; 2013."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.03.007","article-title":"<italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> infection in humans and animals in the United States","volume":"38","author":"J Dubey","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5070\/B3232007680","article-title":"Marijuana National Forest: Encroachment on California public lands for cannabis cultivation","volume":"23","author":"M Mallery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Berkeley Undergraduate Journal"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eason C, Wickstrom M, Henderson R, Milne L, Arthur D, editors. Non-target and secondary poisoning risks associated with cholecalciferol. Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference; 2000: New Zealand Plant Protection Society; 1998.","DOI":"10.30843\/nzpp.2000.53.3699"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref46","first-page":"46","article-title":"Silent forests? Rodenticides on Illegal Marijuana Crops Harm Wildlife","volume":"7","author":"MW Gabriel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wildlife Professional"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"230","author":"W Erickson","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00979.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of eight anticoagulant rodenticides in mice after single oral administration","volume":"31","author":"V Vandenbroucke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2981\/0909-6396(2006)12[109:ROCMIL]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Risk of capture-related mortality in large free-ranging mammals: experiences from Scandinavia","volume":"12","author":"JM Arnemo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wildlife Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/3802873","article-title":"Fecal DNA analysis and risk assessment of mountain lion predation of bighorn sheep","volume":"66","author":"HB Ernest","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2193\/0091-7648(2006)34[815:DOPPAE]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Detection of predator presence at elk mortality sites using mtDNA analysis of hair and scat samples","volume":"34","author":"D Onorato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.2111\/08-038.1","article-title":"Jaguar and puma predation on cattle calves in northeastern Sonora, Mexico","volume":"61","author":"OC Rosas-Rosas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rangeland Ecology & Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1139\/z92-132","article-title":"Seasonal mountain lion predation on a feral horse population","volume":"70","author":"JW Turner Jr","year":"1992","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2907.2000.00055.x","article-title":"Identifying mammalian predators from bite marks: a tool for focusing wildlife protection","volume":"30","author":"PB Lyver","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mammal Review"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.2307\/3799943","article-title":"Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in central Alberta","author":"CJ Brand","year":"1976","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"3","article-title":"Ecology of bobcats relative to exploitation and a prey decline in southeastern Idaho","author":"ST Knick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Wildlife Monographs"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0140640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T09:07:51Z","timestamp":1748682471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0140640"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sadie Jane","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0140640","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]}}}