{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T05:04:04Z","timestamp":1751432644513},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,22]],"date-time":"2015-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,22]],"date-time":"2015-10-22T13:53:35Z","timestamp":1445522015000},"page":"e0141328","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Does Prison Crowding Predict Higher Rates of Substance Use Related Parole Violations? A Recurrent Events Multi-Level Survival Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Ruderman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deirdra F.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savanna","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2194-7899-1-3","article-title":"Incarceration as a catalyst for worsening health","volume":"1","author":"L Brinkley-Rubinstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health & Justice"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"A43","article-title":"The cradle to prison pipeline: An American health crisis","volume":"4","author":"MW Edelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev Chron Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650804900105","article-title":"Incarceration as exposure: the prison, infectious disease, and other stress-related illnesses","volume":"49","author":"M Massoglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Health Soc Beh"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1102385","article-title":"Medicine and the epidemic of incarceration in the United States","volume":"364","author":"JD Rich","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.083691","article-title":"Incarceration as a public health crisis","volume":"96","author":"AMW Young","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pub Health"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"A Plague of Prisons: The epidemiology of mass incarceration in America","author":"E Drucker","year":"2013"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"ref7","first-page":"25","article-title":"Prisons as social determinants of hepatitis C virus and tuberculosis infections","volume":"125","author":"N Awofeso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pub Health Reports"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1525\/fsr.2010.22.3.194","article-title":"Everything revolves around crowding: the state of California\u2019s prisons","volume":"22","author":"D Specter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fed Sentenc Repor"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). California Prisoners and Parolees. 2010. Available: http:\/\/www.cdcr.ca.gov\/reports_research\/offender_information_services_branch\/Annual\/CalPris\/CALPRISd2010.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.62.10.pss6210_1121","article-title":"Law & psychiatry: lost in the crowd: prison mental health care, crowding, and the courts","volume":"62","author":"PS Appelbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psych Serv"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"California in context: How does California\u2019s criminal justice system compare to other states?","author":"S Lawrence","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"97","article-title":"Habitats for children: The impacts of density","author":"JR Aiello","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Salivary cortisol mediates effects of poverty and parenting on executive functions in early childhood","author":"C Blair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028331","article-title":"Socioeconomic risk moderates the link between household chaos and maternal executive function","volume":"26","author":"K Deater-Deckard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2307\/1129056","article-title":"Physiological, social, and behavioral consequences of crowding on children and adolescents","volume":"50","author":"JR Aiello","year":"1979","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/014616728174021","article-title":"Social determinants of residential crowding stress","volume":"7","author":"JR Aiello","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.36.9.1000","article-title":"Crowding and personal control: social density and the development of learned helplessness","volume":"36","author":"A Baum","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Personality & Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"513","article-title":"Cognition, social behavior, and the environment","author":"A Baum","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Parole Violations and Revocations in California","author":"R Grattet","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Factors Related to Parole Violations and Revocations: Analysis of the Utah Parole System and Outcomes","author":"B Peterson"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Adult Institutions Outcome Evaluation Report","author":"L Seale","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). Corrections: Year at a Glance. 2011. Available: http:\/\/www.cdcr.ca\/gov\/News\/docs\/2011_Annual_Report_FINAL.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 15 August 2014."},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Criminology","author":"L Siegel","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aler\/ahm006","article-title":"Do Harsher Prison Conditions Reduce Recidivism? A Discontinuity-based Approach","volume":"9","author":"MK Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Law Econ Rev"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-009-9070-z","article-title":"Unintended consequences: experimental evidence for the criminogenic effect of prison security level placement on post-release recidivism","volume":"5","author":"GG Gaes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Criminol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2352(87)90044-4","article-title":"An empirical assessment of the effects of prison crowding upon recidivism utilizing aggregate level data","volume":"15","author":"O Clayton","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Crim Justice"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2352(80)90002-1","article-title":"Prison size, crowding, prison violence, and recidivism","volume":"8","author":"DP Farrington","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Crim Justice"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/aler\/ahq024","article-title":"Prison conditions and recidivism","volume":"13","author":"F Drago","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Law Econ Rev"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"2","article-title":"Parole violations and revocations in California: analysis and suggestions for action","volume":"73","author":"R Grattet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fed Probat"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427885022001003","article-title":"Prison violence: the contribution of crowding versus other determinants of prison assault rates","volume":"22","author":"GG Gaes","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Res Crime Delinq"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854807308730","article-title":"Inmate-on-inmate assault: a multilevel examination of prison Violence","volume":"35","author":"KF Lahm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crim Justice Beh"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820802427858","article-title":"Understanding physical victimization inside prisons: factors that predict risk","volume":"26","author":"N Wolffs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Justice Q"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/0097840X.1981.9936820","article-title":"Stressful life events and the return to heroin use","volume":"7","author":"DW Krueger","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Human Stress"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080801922157","article-title":"The effects of victimization on drug use: a multilevel analysis","volume":"43","author":"CC Lo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-007-0050-6","article-title":"The role of stress in addiction relapse","volume":"9","author":"R Sinha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1441.030","article-title":"Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction","volume":"1141","author":"R Sinha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.11.011","article-title":"Criminal victimization and comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the NESARC","volume":"20","author":"MG Vaughn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9610-5","article-title":"Experiencing violence as a predictor of drug use relapse among former drug users in Baltimore, Maryland","volume":"88","author":"C Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Brown v. Plata. Supreme Court; 2011."},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Coleman v Schwarzenegger, no CIV S-90-0520 LKK JFM P and no C01-1351 THE (ED Cal August 4, 2009)."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coleman v Wilson, 912 F Supp 1282 (ED Cal 1995).","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.194.3.7863001"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Multilevel and policy-focused analysis of parole violations and revocations in California, 2003\u20132004","author":"R Grattet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR)"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"United States Government Accountability Office. Growing Inmate Crowding Negatively Affects Inmates, Staff, and Infrastructure (No. GAO-12-743). 2012. Available: http:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/650\/648123.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 14 August 2014."},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v040.i03","article-title":"Dates and times made easy with lubridate","volume":"40","author":"G Grolemund","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Iacus SM. RRP: Random Recursive Partitioning (Version R package version 2.94\/r4); 2012. Available: http:\/\/R-Forge.R-project.org\/projects\/rrp\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 14 August 2014."},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Missing data imputation, classification, prediction and average treatment effect estimation via Random Recursive Partitioning","author":"S Iacus","year":"2006","journal-title":"UNIMI\u2014Research Papers in Economics, Business, and Statistics"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Therneau T. A package for survival analysis in S (Version R package version 2.37\u20134). 2013. Available: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=survival<\/ext-link>. Accessed 14 August 2014."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090803","article-title":"Statistical modelling for recurrent events: an application to sports injuries","volume":"48","author":"S Ullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3414\/ME0478","article-title":"Modeling repeated time-to-event health conditions with discontinuous risk intervals: an example of a longitudinal study of functional disability among older persons","volume":"47","author":"Z Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6646-9","article-title":"Survival Analysis: A Self-Learning Text","author":"DG Kleinbaum","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2434","article-title":"Repeated events survival models: The conditional frailty model","volume":"25","author":"JM Box-Steffensmeier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Statist. Med"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"PhUSE, Paper SP07","author":"J Borucka","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. California Quickfacts from the US Census Bureau. Available: http:\/\/quickfacts.census.gov\/qfd\/states\/06000.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed 20 December 2013."},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Understanding the Public Health Implications of Prisoner Reentry in California: Phase I Report","author":"LM Davis","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2003.12.004","article-title":"Probation absconders: A unique risk group?","volume":"32","author":"R Mayzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Crim Justice"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885500080001002","article-title":"Predicting parole absconders","volume":"80","author":"FP Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prison J"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Shifting the Problem: California\u2019s Proposed Bill to Relocate People Serving Sentences of Less than 3 Years From State Prisons to County Jails is not a Solution to Crowding","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Returning home: understanding the challenges of prisoner reentry: Maryland pilot study: findings from Baltimore","author":"C Visher","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Urban Institute"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-009-0252-9","article-title":"Risk of reincarceration among prisoners with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders","volume":"37","author":"J Baillargeon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.11.1516","article-title":"Parole revocation among prison inmates with psychiatric and substance use disorders","volume":"60","author":"J Baillargeon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psych Serv"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Mental health findings","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Is prison increasing crime?","author":"MH Pritikin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wis L Rev"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.02.008","article-title":"Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma","volume":"62","author":"RL Aupperle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1086\/449105","article-title":"The effects of overcrowding in prison","volume":"6","author":"GG Gaes","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crime & Justice"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.055053","article-title":"Public health implications of substandard correctional health care","volume":"95","author":"ZG Restum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-010-9234-9","article-title":"Is incarceration a contributor to health disparities? Access to care of formerly incarcerated adults","volume":"35","author":"SP Kulkarni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Health and Prisoner Reentry: How Physical, Mental, and Substance Abuse Conditions Shape the Process of Reintegration","author":"K Mallik-Kane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health and Prisoner Reentry: How Physical, Mental, and Substance Abuse Conditions Shape the Process of Reintegration"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp179","article-title":"Multi-level modelling, the ecologic fallacy, and hybrid study designs","volume":"38","author":"J Wakefield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Police Management and Quotas: Governance in the CompStat Era","volume":"48","author":"N Bronstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Columbia J Law & Social Problems"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.191759","article-title":"Drug arrests and injection drug deterrence","volume":"101","author":"SR Friedman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pub Health"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Position paper on drug policy","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Public Safety","author":"A Petteruti","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"87","article-title":"Updates since Brown v. Plata: alternative solutions for prison overcrowding in California","volume":"43","author":"C Horne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. 2011 Public Safety Realignment CDCR [Fact Sheet]. 2011. Available: http:\/\/www.cdcr.ca.gov\/About_CDCR\/docs\/Realignment-Fact-Sheet.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref76","unstructured":"Hopper A, Dooley-Sammuli M, Evans K. Public Safety Realignment: California at a Crossroads. ACLU of California [Report]. 2012. Available: www.aclunc.org\/docs\/criminal_justice\/public_safety_realignment_california_at_a_crossroads.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref77","unstructured":"California State Sheriffs\u2019 Association. Do the Crime, Do the Time? Maybe Not, in California: Jail Shortage is Upsetting the Balance [Report]. 2006. Available: http:\/\/www.calsheriffs.org\/Documents\/do_the_crime,_do_the_time.pdf<\/ext-link>."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0141328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]],"date-time":"2019-08-31T16:22:15Z","timestamp":1567268535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0141328"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marianna","family":"Mazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,22]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0141328","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,22]]}}}