{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T23:05:39Z","timestamp":1765667139195},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]],"date-time":"2015-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]],"date-time":"2015-12-03T18:45:38Z","timestamp":1449168338000},"page":"e0143433","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Estimated Costs for Delivery of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy to Individuals with CD4+ T-Cell Counts &gt;350 cells\/uL in Rural Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Vivek","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dathan M.","family":"Byonanebye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asiphas","family":"Owaraganise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellon","family":"Twinomuhwezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gideon","family":"Amanyire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"Marseille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses R.","family":"Kamya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diane V.","family":"Havlir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Access to antiretroviral therapy in Africa: status report on progress towards the 2015 targets","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV","year":"2015","journal-title":"Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-736","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of early initiation of first-line combination antiretroviral therapy in Uganda","volume":"12","author":"J Sempa","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000235","article-title":"The impact and cost of the 2013 WHO recommendations on eligibility for antiretroviral therapy","volume":"28","author":"J Stover","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-46","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in South Africa","volume":"12","author":"SS Alistar","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318265df06","article-title":"Earlier initialization of highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with long-term survival and is cost-effective: findings from a deterministic model of a 10-year Ugandan cohort","volume":"61","author":"FP Mills","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70172-4","article-title":"Health benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of earlier eligibility for adult antiretroviral therapy and expanded treatment coverage: a combined analysis of 12 mathematical models","volume":"2","author":"JW Eaton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2165\/11586120-000000000-00000","article-title":"Unit costs for delivery of antiretroviral treatment and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: a systematic review for low- and middle-income countries","volume":"29","author":"O Galarraga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283463eec","article-title":"The cost of providing comprehensive HIV treatment in PEPFAR-supported programs","volume":"25","author":"NA Menzies","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18026","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.1.18026","article-title":"ART treatment costs and retention in care in Kenya: a cohort study in three rural outpatient clinics","volume":"16","author":"BA Larson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000064","article-title":"Assessing the costs and effects of antiretroviral therapy task shifting from physicians to other health professionals in ethiopia","volume":"65","author":"B Johns","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108304","article-title":"Multi-country analysis of treatment costs for HIV\/AIDS (MATCH): facility-level ART unit cost analysis in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa and Zambia","volume":"9","author":"E Tagar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-296","article-title":"Retention in care, resource utilization, and costs for adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in Zambia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"CA Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pub Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70692-3","article-title":"Effects of early versus delayed initiation of antiretroviral treatment on clinical outcomes of HIV-1 infection: results from the phase 3 HPTN 052 randomised controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"B Grinsztejn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507198","article-title":"A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa","volume":"373","author":"C Danel","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu271","article-title":"CD41 T cell recovery during suppression of HIV replication: an international comparison of the immunological efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in North America, Asia and Africa","volume":"44","author":"EH Geng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807252","article-title":"Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival","volume":"360","author":"MM Kitahata","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9845","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60730-2","article-title":"Task shifting of antiretroviral treatment from doctors to primary-care nurses in South Africa (STRETCH): a pragmatic, parallel, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"380","author":"L Fairall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31824476c4","article-title":"Excellent clinical outcomes and high retention in care among adults in a community-based HIV treatment program in rural Rwanda","volume":"59","author":"ML Rich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acq Imm Def Syndr"},{"issue":"9734","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60894-X","article-title":"Nurse versus doctor management of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (CIPRA-SA): a randomised non-inferiority trial","volume":"376","author":"I Sanne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000163","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000163","article-title":"Task shifting for scale-up of HIV care: evaluation of nurse-centered antiretroviral treatment at rural health centers in Rwanda","volume":"6","author":"F Shumbusho","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000401","article-title":"Successful antiretroviral therapy delivery and retention in care among asymptomatic individuals with high CD4+ T-cell counts above 350 cells\/uL in rural Uganda","volume":"28","author":"V Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"305","article-title":"Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes","author":"M Drummond","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Medicines Sans Frontiers. Untangling the web of antiretroviral price reductions 2014 [updated July 2014]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.msfaccess.org\/sites\/default\/files\/MSF_UTW_17th_Edition_4_b.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.msfaccess.org\/sites\/default\/files\/MSF_UTW_17th_Edition_4_b.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 1 September 2015."},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Technical update on treatment optimization: Pharmacological equivalence and clinical interchangeability of lamivudine and emtricitabine: a review of current literature","year":"2012","journal-title":"Technical update on treatment optimization: Pharmacological equivalence and clinical interchangeability of lamivudine and emtricitabine: a review of current literature"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"The EARLI Study: Early Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients with High CD4+ T-Cell Counts in Resource Limited Settings (EARLI). 2011. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01479634\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01479634<\/ext-link>. Accessed 1 September 2015."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"XE Currency Converter. XE.com-USD\/UGX Chart 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.xe.com\/currencycharts\/?from=USD&to=UGX&view=10Y\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.xe.com\/currencycharts\/?from=USD&amp;to=UGX&amp;view=10Y<\/ext-link>. Accessed 30 June 2014."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. CPI inflation calculator 2015. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/data.bls.gov\/cgi-bin\/cpicalc.pl\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/data.bls.gov\/cgi-bin\/cpicalc.pl<\/ext-link>. Accessed 1 September 2015."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/08-021","article-title":"A 36-hospital time and motion study: how do medical-surgical nurses spend their time?","volume":"12","author":"A Hendrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120701687067","article-title":"Patterns of care in two HIV continuity clinics in Uganda, Africa: a time-motion study","volume":"20","author":"MC Were","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-10-39","article-title":"Human resources needs for universal access to antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: a time and motion study","volume":"10","author":"JA Hontelez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Uganda Ministry of Health. Uganda Integrated National Guidelines on Antiretroviral Therapy, Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV, and Infant &amp; Young Child Feeding. 2012."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0122583","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122583","article-title":"CD4 cell count trends after commencement of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: a retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"A Asfaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.4010","article-title":"Influence of the timing of antiretroviral therapy on the potential for normalization of immune status in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected individuals","volume":"175","author":"JF Okulicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12386","article-title":"Retention and risk factors for attrition among adults in antiretroviral treatment programmes in Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia","volume":"19","author":"O Koole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000252","article-title":"Improved retention of patients starting antiretroviral treatment in Karonga District, northern Malawi, 2005\u20132012","volume":"67","author":"O Koole","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12278","article-title":"Four-year retention and risk factors for attrition among members of community ART groups in Tete, Mozambique","volume":"19","author":"T Decroo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181988375","article-title":"Two-year virologic outcomes of an alternative AIDS care model: evaluation of a peer health worker and nurse-staffed community-based program in Uganda","volume":"50","author":"LW Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","first-page":"130","article-title":"Telecommunications and health Care: an HIV\/AIDS warmline for communication and consultation in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"7","author":"LW Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-266","article-title":"Health worker motivation in the context of HIV care and treatment challenges in Mbeya Region, Tanzania: a qualitative study","volume":"11","author":"D Mbilinyi","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"1","article-title":"March 2014 supplement to the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach","year":"2014","journal-title":"March 2014 supplement to the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-092112-143017","article-title":"Emerging technologies for point-of-care management of HIV infection","volume":"66","author":"H Shafiee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit004","article-title":"Is frequent CD4+ T-lymphocyte count monitoring necessary for persons with counts &gt; = 300 cells\/muL and HIV-1 suppression?","volume":"56","author":"HB Gale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000432458.98851.c1","article-title":"Can we stop CD4+ testing in patients with HIV-1 RNA suppression on antiretroviral treatment?","volume":"27","author":"PM Girard","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182800daf","article-title":"Higher baseline CD4 cell count predicts treatment interruptions and persistent viremia in patients initiating ARVs in rural Uganda","volume":"62","author":"SA Adakun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acq Imm Def Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12177","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment outcomes for patients on first-line regimens in US President&apos;s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) clinics in Uganda: predictors of virological and immunological response from RV288 analyses","volume":"16","author":"KW Crawford","year":"2015","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"HIV-infected Ugandan women on antiretroviral therapy maintain HIV-1 RNA suppression across periconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods","author":"LT Matthews","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0143433","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T05:12:35Z","timestamp":1567401155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0143433"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Viviane D.","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0143433","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]]}}}