{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T05:59:50Z","timestamp":1780379990274,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]],"date-time":"2015-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]],"date-time":"2015-12-11T18:42:04Z","timestamp":1449859324000},"page":"e0144553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Two-Day Continuous Nicotine Infusion Is Sufficient to Demonstrate Nicotine Withdrawal in Rats as Measured Using Intracranial Self-Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Muelken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare E.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Shelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Tally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701188927","article-title":"Effects of abstinence from tobacco: etiology, animal models, epidemiology, and significance: a subjective review","volume":"9","author":"JR Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.1.33","article-title":"Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement","volume":"111","author":"TB Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1507","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0095","article-title":"Review. Neurobiology of nicotine dependence","volume":"363","author":"A Markou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological sciences"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13482-6_4","article-title":"Nicotine withdrawal","volume":"24","author":"I McLaughlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"New mechanisms and perspectives in nicotine withdrawal","author":"KJ Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2011.07.075","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal","volume":"82","author":"M Paolini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200050011277","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction: acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal","volume":"2","author":"SS Watkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.1.14","article-title":"Smoking withdrawal dynamics: II. Improved tests of withdrawal-relapse relations","volume":"112","author":"TM Piasecki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01289.x","article-title":"A comparison of the psychometric properties of three cigarette withdrawal scales","volume":"101","author":"JF Etter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(95)00070-4","article-title":"Abstinence effects as predictors of 28-day relapse in smokers","volume":"21","author":"GE Swan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(01)00266-0","article-title":"Onset of major depression during treatment for nicotine dependence","volume":"28","author":"JD Killen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"192","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69248-5_14","article-title":"Rodent models of nicotine withdrawal syndrome","author":"DH Malin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00651-7","article-title":"Neurobiology of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome","volume":"70","author":"PJ Kenny","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1105-1442","article-title":"Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the &apos;dark side&apos; of drug addiction","volume":"8","author":"GF Koob","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-7-26","article-title":"Thwarting science by protecting the received wisdom on tobacco addiction from the scientific method","volume":"7","author":"JR Difranza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Harm reduction journal"},{"issue":"523\u2013552","key":"ref16","article-title":"Neuroadaptation in nicotine addiction: Update on the sensitization-homeostasis model","volume":"2","author":"JR DiFranza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain science"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.7.704","article-title":"Symptoms of tobacco dependence after brief intermittent use: the Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youth-2 study","volume":"161","author":"JR DiFranza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2008.027318","article-title":"The Strategic Dialogue on Tobacco Harm Reduction: a vision and blueprint for action in the US","volume":"18","author":"M Zeller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2009.035584","article-title":"Nicotine reduction revisited: science and future directions","volume":"19","author":"DK Hatsukami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts214","article-title":"Nicotine Reduction: Strategic Research Plan","volume":"15","author":"DK Hatsukami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nicotine & tobacco research: official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.04.023","article-title":"The reinforcement threshold for nicotine as a target for tobacco control","volume":"125","author":"M Sofuoglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts162","article-title":"Impact of tobacco regulation on animal research: new perspectives and opportunities","volume":"14","author":"EC Donny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nicotine & tobacco research: official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.10.020","article-title":"Sex differences in nicotine self-administration in rats during progressive unit dose reduction: implications for nicotine regulation policy","volume":"114\u2013115","author":"P Grebenstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Predictors of the nicotine reinforcement threshold, compensation, and elasticity of demand in a rodent model of nicotine reduction policy","author":"PE Grebenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6680","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/30001","article-title":"Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal","volume":"393","author":"MP Epping-Jordan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.05.008","article-title":"Comparison of the behavioral effects of cigarette smoke and pure nicotine in rats","volume":"96","author":"AC Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2006.11.003","article-title":"Adolescent nicotine exposure produces less affective measures of withdrawal relative to adult nicotine exposure in male rats","volume":"29","author":"LE O'Dell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.01.010","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor activation mediates nicotine withdrawal-induced deficit in brain reward function and stress-induced relapse","volume":"66","author":"AW Bruijnzeel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0037-0","article-title":"Dose, duration, and pattern of nicotine administration as determinants of behavioral dependence in rats","volume":"184","author":"RE Vann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421284","article-title":"Effects of nicotine and its withdrawal on the performance of rats on signalled and unsignalled avoidance schedules","volume":"38","author":"CF Morrison","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia (Berl)"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3792-y","article-title":"Reinforcer devaluation as a consequence of acute nicotine exposure and withdrawal","volume":"232","author":"A Kirshenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2814-x","article-title":"Mecamylamine elicits withdrawal-like signs in rats following a single dose of nicotine","volume":"225","author":"AC Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1445-7","article-title":"Bupropion enhances brain reward function and reverses the affective and somatic aspects of nicotine withdrawal in the rat","volume":"168","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.216","article-title":"Varenicline and cytisine diminish the dysphoric-like state associated with spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in rats","volume":"39","author":"M Igari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(92)90211-J","article-title":"Construct validity of a self-stimulation threshold paradigm: effects of reward and performance manipulations","volume":"51","author":"A Markou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"84","article-title":"Effects of oxytocin on nicotine withdrawal in rats","volume":"116C","author":"KE Manbeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.441","article-title":"Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in rodents to study the neurobiology of motivation","volume":"2","author":"WA Carlezon Jr.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.04.011","article-title":"Passive immunization with a nicotine-specific monoclonal antibody decreases brain nicotine levels but does not precipitate withdrawal in nicotine-dependent rats","volume":"93","author":"SA Roiko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2273-9","article-title":"A lack of association between severity of nicotine withdrawal and individual differences in compensatory nicotine self-administration in rats","volume":"217","author":"AC Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.052027","article-title":"Group II metabotropic and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA)\/kainate glutamate receptors regulate the deficit in brain reward function associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats","volume":"306","author":"PJ Kenny","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35389-3","article-title":"Reward and somatic changes during precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats: centrally and peripherally mediated effects","volume":"292","author":"SS Watkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1970-0","article-title":"Effects of prazosin, clonidine, and propranolol on the elevations in brain reward thresholds and somatic signs associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats","volume":"212","author":"AW Bruijnzeel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301192","article-title":"Antagonism of CRF receptors prevents the deficit in brain reward function associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats","volume":"32","author":"AW Bruijnzeel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1414-1","article-title":"Effects of repeated withdrawal episodes, nicotine dose, and duration of nicotine exposure on the severity and duration of nicotine withdrawal in rats","volume":"168","author":"KL Skjei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02665.x","article-title":"Accentuated decrease in social interaction in rats subjected to repeated ethanol withdrawals","volume":"26","author":"DH Overstreet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2155-0","article-title":"Acute opioid dependence: characterizing the early adaptations underlying drug withdrawal","volume":"178","author":"AC Harris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428791","article-title":"Development of physical dependence on morphine in respect to time and dosage and quantification of the precipitated withdrawal syndrome in rats","volume":"33","author":"J Blasig","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2004.06.006","article-title":"Brain reward deficits accompany naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from acute opioid dependence","volume":"79","author":"J Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6208","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4785-04.2005","article-title":"Conditioned nicotine withdrawal profoundly decreases the activity of brain reward systems","volume":"25","author":"PJ Kenny","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"317","article-title":"Recent advances in alcohol and drug problems","volume":"10","author":"JR Hughes","year":"1990"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030107013","article-title":"Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal","volume":"43","author":"JR Hughes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198403083101002","article-title":"Weight gain after cessation of cigarette smoking. A possible role for adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase","volume":"310","author":"RM Carney","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.054908","article-title":"Characterization of spontaneous and precipitated nicotine withdrawal in the mouse","volume":"307","author":"MI Damaj","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.130","article-title":"Reward sensitization: effects of repeated nicotine exposure and withdrawal in mice","volume":"37","author":"MR Hilario","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(03)00198-3","article-title":"Nicotine-dependence symptoms are associated with smoking frequency in adolescents","volume":"25","author":"J IO'Loughlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0238","article-title":"Early course of nicotine dependence in adolescent smokers","volume":"125","author":"CA Doubeni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200412331328538","article-title":"A sensitization-homeostasis model of nicotine craving, withdrawal, and tolerance: integrating the clinical and basic science literature","volume":"7","author":"JR DiFranza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nicotine & tobacco research: official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"issue":"4593","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6828889","article-title":"Nicotinic cholinergic receptor binding sites in the brain: regulation in vivo","volume":"220","author":"RD Schwartz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)21831-6","article-title":"Effects of chronic nicotine infusion on tolerance development and nicotinic receptors","volume":"226","author":"MJ Marks","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2009.06.011","article-title":"Nicotine-induced upregulation of nicotinic receptors: underlying mechanisms and relevance to nicotine addiction","volume":"78","author":"AP Govind","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.09.003","article-title":"Desensitized nicotinic receptors in brain","volume":"48","author":"H Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain research Brain research reviews"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-12-04804.1999","article-title":"Upregulation of surface alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors is initiated by receptor desensitization after chronic exposure to nicotine","volume":"19","author":"CP Fenster","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80112-9","article-title":"Molecular and cellular aspects of nicotine abuse","volume":"16","author":"JA Dani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.01.015","article-title":"Neurobiology of nicotine addiction: implications for smoking cessation treatment","volume":"121","author":"NL Benowitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.961877.x","article-title":"Receptor regulation as a unitary mechanism for drug tolerance and physical dependence\u2014not quite as simple as it seemed!","volume":"96","author":"J Littleton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02780343","article-title":"Desensitization of central cholinergic mechanisms and neuroadaptation to nicotine","volume":"4","author":"EL Ochoa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02482.x","article-title":"Binding and functional activity of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in selected rat brain regions are increased following long-term but not short-term nicotine treatment","volume":"90","author":"HN Nguyen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.02.038","article-title":"Dissociation of tolerance and nicotine withdrawal-associated deficits in contextual fear","volume":"1559","author":"TJ Gould","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref69","article-title":"Mesolimbic dopamine and habenulo-interpeduncular pathways in nicotine withdrawal","volume":"3","author":"JA Dani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.10302","article-title":"Short-term pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of mecamylamine as a preliminary to carbon-11 labeling for nicotinic receptor investigation","volume":"92","author":"D Debruyne","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2009.030189","article-title":"Distinguishing risk factors for the onset of cravings, withdrawal symptoms and tolerance in novice adolescent smokers","volume":"18","author":"P Wileyto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68041511.x","article-title":"Presynaptic nicotinic modulation of dopamine release in the three ascending pathways studied by in vivo microdialysis: comparison of naive and chronic nicotine-treated rats","volume":"68","author":"DL Marshall","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.03.024","article-title":"Decreased brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal in C57BL6 mice: evidence from intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) studies","volume":"90","author":"PM Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200601078277","article-title":"Sensitization to nicotine: how the animal literature might inform future human research","volume":"9","author":"JR DiFranza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt067","article-title":"Age-related differences in the disposition of nicotine and metabolites in rat brain and plasma","volume":"15","author":"PL Vieira-Brock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.114.058719","article-title":"Nicotine pharmacokinetics in rats is altered as a function of age, impacting the interpretation of animal model data","volume":"42","author":"EL Craig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00775-4","article-title":"Continuous nicotine infusion reduces nicotine self-administration in rats with 23-h\/day access to nicotine","volume":"72","author":"MG LeSage","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0383-6","article-title":"Diminished nicotine withdrawal in adolescent rats: implications for vulnerability to addiction","volume":"186","author":"LE O'Dell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1982.233","article-title":"Circadian blood nicotine concentrations during cigarette smoking","volume":"32","author":"NL Benowitz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90020-8","article-title":"Nicotine administration to rats: methodological considerations","volume":"40","author":"LC Murrin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1984.67","article-title":"Daily intake of nicotine during cigarette smoking","volume":"35","author":"NL Benowitz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.040","article-title":"Rapid delivery of nicotine promotes behavioral sensitization and alters its neurobiological impact","volume":"57","author":"AN Samaha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050542","article-title":"Acquisition of nicotine self-administration in rats: the effects of dose, feeding schedule, and drug contingency","volume":"136","author":"EC Donny","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.154641","article-title":"Rats self-administer intravenous nicotine delivered in a novel smoking-relevant procedure: effects of dopamine antagonists","volume":"330","author":"RE Sorge","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00041","article-title":"Animal models of nicotine exposure: relevance to second-hand smoking, electronic cigarette use, and compulsive smoking","volume":"4","author":"A Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00237-2","article-title":"Fluoxetine combined with a serotonin-1A receptor antagonist reversed reward deficits observed during nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in rats","volume":"25","author":"AA Harrison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(92)90223-3","article-title":"Effects of nicotine on the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation in rats","volume":"41","author":"D Huston-Lyons","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29542-2","article-title":"Serotonergic manipulations both potentiate and reduce brain stimulation reward in rats: involvement of serotonin-1A receptors","volume":"297","author":"AA Harrison","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0144553","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T19:11:50Z","timestamp":1748718710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0144553"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yael","family":"Abreu-Villa\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0144553","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]]}}}