{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:54:56Z","timestamp":1784915696860,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]],"date-time":"2015-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]],"date-time":"2015-12-10T18:42:11Z","timestamp":1449772931000},"page":"e0144668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Possible Synergistic Effects of Thymol and Nicotine against Crithidia bombi Parasitism in Bumble Bees"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Olivia Masi","family":"Biller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn S.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan C.","family":"Palmer-Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.910301.x","article-title":"The ecological significance of toxic nectar","volume":"91","author":"LS Adler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"617","article-title":"The raison d\u2019\u00eatre of chemical ecology","volume":"96","author":"RA Raguso","year":"2015","journal-title":"The raison d\u2019\u00eatre of chemical ecology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.01.003","article-title":"Nectar: generation, regulation and ecological functions","volume":"16","author":"M Heil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.4.9.9393","article-title":"Nectar chemistry is tailored for both attraction of mutualists and protection from exploiters","volume":"4","author":"M Gonz\u00e1lez-Teuber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Signal Behav"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"215","article-title":"Nectaries and nectar","author":"SW Nicolson","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1086\/336914","article-title":"Intraspecific constancy of floral nectar amino acid complements","volume":"138","author":"H Baker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bot Gaz"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19770405","article-title":"Non-sugar chemical constituents of nectar","volume":"8","author":"HG Baker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-005-8394-z","article-title":"Feeding responses of free-flying honeybees to secondary compounds mimicking floral nectars","volume":"31","author":"N Singaravelan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12257","article-title":"Arranging the bouquet of disease: Floral traits and the transmission of plant and animal pathogens","volume":"17","author":"SH McArt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014357","article-title":"RNA viruses in hymenopteran pollinators: Evidence of inter-taxa virus transmission via pollen and potential impact on non-<italic>Apis<\/italic> hymenopteran species","volume":"5","author":"R Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.04035.x","article-title":"Safe sex in plants","volume":"193","author":"AG Stephenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.1990.tb00172.x","article-title":"Antibiotics, sugars, and amino acids in nectar of <italic>Rhododendron<\/italic> and <italic>Piptanthus<\/italic> species from Nepal","volume":"103","author":"M Martini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bot Acta"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235824","article-title":"Self-medication in animals","volume":"340","author":"JC de Roode","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12110","article-title":"Self-medication in insects: current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"39","author":"J Abbott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol Entomol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4796","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004796","article-title":"Self-medication as adaptive plasticity: increased ingestion of plant toxins by parasitized caterpillars","volume":"4","author":"M Singer","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1086\/423152","article-title":"Disentangling food quality from resistance against parasitoids: Diet choice by a generalist caterpillar","volume":"164","author":"MS Singer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01537.x","article-title":"Evidence for trans-generational medication in nature","volume":"13","author":"T Lef\u00e8vre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2011.01901.x","article-title":"Behavioural resistance against a protozoan parasite in the monarch butterfly","volume":"81","author":"T Lef\u00e8vre","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1051\/apido\/2009070","article-title":"Effect of thymol and resveratrol administered with candy or syrup on the development of <italic>Nosema ceranae<\/italic> and on the longevity of honeybees (<italic>Apis mellifera<\/italic> L.) in laboratory conditions","volume":"41","author":"C Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-014-1786-8","article-title":"Pathogen-associated self-medication behavior in the honeybee <italic>Apis mellifera<\/italic>","volume":"68","author":"BI Gherman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-009-1431-9","article-title":"Consumption of a nectar alkaloid reduces pathogen load in bumble bees","volume":"162","author":"JS Manson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20142471","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2471","article-title":"Secondary metabolites in floral nectar reduce parasite infections in bumblebees","volume":"282","author":"LL Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0176","article-title":"Shared use of flowers leads to horizontal pathogen transmission","volume":"258","author":"S Durrer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc R Soc London Ser B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12218","article-title":"Combining laboratory and field approaches to investigate the importance of flower nectar in the horizontal transmission of a bumblebee parasite","volume":"152","author":"G Cisarovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Entomol Exp Appl"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.11.013","article-title":"Plight of the bumble bee: Pathogen spillover from commercial to wild populations","volume":"129","author":"SR Colla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.6262.3","article-title":"Behavioral evidence for self-medication in bumblebees?","volume":"4","author":"D Baracchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Colla S, Richardson L, Williams P. Guide to Bumble Bees of the Eastern United States. 2011."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-014-3070-z","article-title":"Diversity matters: how bees benefit from different resin sources","volume":"176","author":"N Drescher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3960","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1252","article-title":"Diversity of honey stores and their impact on pathogenic bacteria of the honeybee, <italic>Apis mellifera<\/italic>","volume":"4","author":"S Erler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-014-3029-0","article-title":"A mixed diet of toxic plants enables increased feeding and anti-predator defense by an insect herbivore","volume":"176","author":"PA Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-012-0190-y","article-title":"Synergistic effects of iridoid glycosides on the survival, development and immune response of a specialist caterpillar, <italic>Junonia coenia<\/italic> (Nymphalidae)","volume":"38","author":"L Richards","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-014-9350-z","article-title":"Flowers with caffeinated nectar receive more pollination","volume":"9","author":"JD Thomson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthropod Plant Interact"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"2968","article-title":"Ecological costs and benefits of nectar defenses","volume":"86","author":"LS Adler","year":"2005","journal-title":"2005 ESA Annu Meet Exhib"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01245891","article-title":"Attraction, deterrence or intoxication of bees (<italic>Apis mellifera<\/italic>) by plant allelochemicals","volume":"4","author":"A Detzel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chemoecology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.044","article-title":"Dose-response effects of essential oils on <italic>in vitro<\/italic> fermentation activity of the rumen microbial population","volume":"145","author":"D Macheboeuf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.01.132","article-title":"<italic>In vitro<\/italic> dose\u2013response of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and interaction of combinations for the antimicrobial activity against the pig gut flora","volume":"109","author":"J Michiels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014743108","article-title":"Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees","volume":"108","author":"S Cameron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/1313191","article-title":"Pollinators, Flowering Plants, and Conservation Biology","author":"CA Kearns","year":"1997","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12395.x","article-title":"Effects of selective episodes in the field on life history traits in the bumblebee <italic>Bombus terrestris<\/italic>","volume":"101","author":"B Baer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.2010.01234.x","article-title":"Factors affecting parasite prevalence among wild bumblebees","volume":"35","author":"S Gillespie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol Entomol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1051\/apido\/2009025","article-title":"Bumblebee vulnerability and conservation world-wide","volume":"40","author":"PH Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1890\/120126","article-title":"Threats to an ecosystem service: Pressures on pollinators","volume":"11","author":"AJ Vanbergen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Ecol Environ"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1051\/apido\/2009019","article-title":"The conservation of bees: a global perspective","volume":"40","author":"MJF Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"287","article-title":"<italic>Crithidia bombi<\/italic> sp. n. a flagellated parasite of a bumble-bee <italic>Bombus terrestris<\/italic> L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae)","volume":"27","author":"JJ Lippa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Protozool"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2011.11.005","article-title":"Interspecific geographic distribution and variation of the pathogens <italic>Nosema bombi<\/italic> and <italic>Crithidia<\/italic> species in United States bumble bee populations","volume":"109","author":"N Cordes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invertebr Pathol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8298.2005.00113.x","article-title":"Correlates of parasite load in bumblebees in an Alpine habitat","volume":"8","author":"P Korner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Entomol Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19910204","article-title":"Incidence and effects of four parasites in natural populations of bumble bees in Switzerland","volume":"22","author":"JA Shykoff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22054","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022054","article-title":"The genotypic structure of a multi-host bumblebee parasite suggests a role for ecological niche overlap","volume":"6","author":"RM Salath\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2003.00770.x","article-title":"Strong context-dependent virulence in a host\u2013parasite system: reconciling genetic evidence with theory","volume":"72","author":"MJF Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.910302.x","article-title":"Condition-dependent expression of virulence in a trypanosome infecting bumblebees","volume":"91","author":"MJF Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.09.025","article-title":"Does parasitic infection impair the ability of bumblebees to learn flower-handling techniques?","volume":"70","author":"RJ Gegear","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3423","article-title":"Bumble-bee foragers infected by a gut parasite have an impaired ability to utilize floral information","volume":"273","author":"RJ Gegear","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otterstatter MC, Gegear RJ, Colla SR, Thomson JD. Effects of parasitic mites and protozoa on the flower constancy and foraging rate of bumble bees. 2005; 383\u2013389. <comment>doi: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-005-0945-3\" xlink:type=\"simple\">10.1007\/s00265-005-0945-3<\/ext-link><\/comment>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-005-0945-3"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200600120X","article-title":"Within-host dynamics of an intestinal pathogen of bumble bees","volume":"133","author":"MC Otterstatter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12185","article-title":"The invasion of southern South America by imported bumblebees and associated parasites","volume":"83","author":"R Schmid-Hempel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/97.2.187","article-title":"Comparison between two thymol formulations in the control of <italic>Varroa destructor<\/italic>: effectiveness, persistence, and residues","volume":"97","author":"I Floris","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2004.00886.x","article-title":"Antifungal activity of <italic>Thymus<\/italic> oils and their major compounds","volume":"18","author":"C Pina-Vaz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2005.11.009","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of selected plant essential oils on the growth of four pathogenic bacteria: <italic>E<\/italic>. <italic>coli<\/italic> O157:H7, <italic>Salmonella Typhimurium<\/italic>, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> and <italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/italic>","volume":"18","author":"M Oussalah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.04.048","article-title":"Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish <italic>Origanum acutidens<\/italic> and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene","volume":"99","author":"S Kordali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1021\/jf990835x","article-title":"GC-MS analysis of essential oils from some Greek aromatic plants and their fungitoxicity on <italic>Penicillium digitatum<\/italic>","volume":"48","author":"DJ Daferera","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0326-5","article-title":"Effect of oregano (<italic>Origanum vulgare<\/italic> L.) and thyme (<italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/italic> L.) essential oils on <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) growth and ultrastructure","volume":"100","author":"GF Santoro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-7-675","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of nicotine against a spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens","volume":"49","author":"CS Pavia","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"5134","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of nicotine and its zinc complex","volume":"6","author":"MI Zaidi","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.2307\/1940956","article-title":"Influence of plant allelochemicals on the tobacco hornworm and its parasitoid, <italic>Cortesia congregata<\/italic>","volume":"72","author":"P Barbosa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1021\/jf970510l","article-title":"Floral origin markers of chestnut and lime tree honeys","volume":"46","author":"C Guyot","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2012.01838.x","article-title":"Reliance on pollinators predicts defensive chemistry across tobacco species","volume":"15","author":"LS Adler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-006-9350-2","article-title":"The effects of nectar-nicotine on colony fitness of caged honeybees","volume":"32","author":"N Singaravelan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3539","article-title":"Lethal and sub-lethal effects of thymol on honeybee (<italic>Apis mellifera<\/italic>) larvae reared <italic>in vitro<\/italic>","volume":"70","author":"G Charpentier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005007304","article-title":"The impact of host starvation on parasite development and population dynamics in an intestinal trypanosome parasite of bumble bees","volume":"130","author":"A Logan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"880","article-title":"Queen and forager sizes of <italic>Bombus affinis cresson<\/italic> (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","volume":"101","author":"F Schiestl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Entomol Soc Washingt"},{"key":"ref71","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, R Core Team. {nlme}: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models [Internet]. 2015. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=nlme\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=nlme<\/ext-link>.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.nlme"},{"key":"ref73","author":"J Fox","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref74","unstructured":"Therneau TM. A Package for Survival Analysis in S [Internet]. 2015. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=survival\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=survival<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2003062","article-title":"Niche overlap and diet breadth in bumblebees; are rare species more specialized in their choice of flowers?","volume":"35","author":"D Goulson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21682","article-title":"Antimalarial drug resistance","volume":"113","author":"NJ White","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00239-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria","volume":"2","author":"C Wongsrichanalai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12043","article-title":"Heterogeneity in infection outcome: Lessons from a bumblebee-trypanosome system","volume":"35","author":"BM Sadd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005542","article-title":"The distribution of genotypes of the trypanosome parasite, <italic>Crithidia bombi<\/italic>, in populations of its host, <italic>Bombus terrestris<\/italic>","volume":"129","author":"P Schmid-Hempel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318628111","article-title":"Gene expression differences underlying genotype-by-genotype specificity in a host-parasite system","volume":"111","author":"SM Barribeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2012.02507.x","article-title":"Robustness of the outcome of adult bumblebee infection with a trypanosome parasite after varied parasite exposures during larval development","volume":"25","author":"G Cisarovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2010.00480.x","article-title":"Molecular divergence defines two distinct lineages of <italic>Crithidia bombi<\/italic> (Trypanosomatidae), parasites of bumblebees","volume":"57","author":"R Schmid-Hempel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00633.x","article-title":"Genetic variation in a host-parasite association: Potential for coevolution and frequency-dependent selection","volume":"55","author":"HJ Carius","year":"2001","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.35","article-title":". Seasonal variability of prevalence and occurrence of multiple infections shape the population structure of <italic>Crithidia bombi<\/italic>, an intestinal parasite of bumblebees (<italic>Bombus<\/italic> spp.)","volume":"1","author":"M Popp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049137","article-title":"Probing mixed-genotype infections II: high multiplicity in natural infections of the trypanosomatid, <italic>Crithidia bombi<\/italic>, in its host, <italic>Bombus<\/italic> spp","volume":"7","author":"M Tognazzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2010.02172.x","article-title":"Strain filtering and transmission of a mixed infection in a social insect","volume":"24","author":"Y Ulrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2004.00750.x","article-title":"Host ecology determines the relative fitness of virus genotypes in mixed-genotype nucleopolyhedrovirus infections","volume":"17","author":"DJ Hodgson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2012.01831.x","article-title":"Gut microbiota instead of host genotype drive the specificity in the interaction of a natural host-parasite system","volume":"15","author":"H Koch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19288","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110474108","article-title":"Socially transmitted gut microbiota protect bumble bees against an intestinal parasite","volume":"108","author":"H Koch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2011.12.002","article-title":"Honeybees and nectar nicotine: deterrence and reduced survival versus potential health benefits","volume":"58","author":"A K\u00f6hler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2002.990107.x","article-title":"Volatiles from flowers of <italic>Platanthera bifolia<\/italic> (Orchidaceae) attractive to the silver Y moth, <italic>Autographa gamma<\/italic> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","volume":"99","author":"D Plepys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-93.4.1216","article-title":"Effect of nectar composition and nectar concentration on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) visitations to hybrid onion flowers","volume":"93","author":"EM Silva","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2307\/1937086","article-title":"Sodium, potassium, and chloride in floral nectars: Energy-free contributions to refractive index and salt balance","volume":"64","author":"SM Hiebert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/113.12.2479","article-title":"Composition and protein quality of honeybee-collected pollen of <italic>Eucalyptus marginata<\/italic> and <italic>Eucalyptus calophylla<\/italic>","volume":"113","author":"RR Bell","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.1990.tb00532.x","article-title":"Osmoregulation in a nectar-feeding insect, the carpenter bee <italic>Xylocopa capitata<\/italic>: water excess and ion conservation","volume":"15","author":"SW Nicolson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Entomol"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"418","article-title":"The importance of osmosis in nectar secretion and its consumption by insects","volume":"38","author":"SW Nicolson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384264","article-title":"Foraging in male bumblebees (<italic>Bombus lucorum<\/italic> L.): maximizing energy or minimizing water load?","volume":"62","author":"A Bertsch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.020354","article-title":". Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted?","volume":"40","author":"TD Noakes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005253422107","article-title":"Hyponatremia","volume":"342","author":"HJ Adrogue","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01012352","article-title":"Effects of consumption of high and low nicotine tobacco by <italic>Manduca sexta<\/italic> (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on survival of gregarious endoparasitoid <italic>Cotesia congregata<\/italic> (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)","volume":"12","author":"KW Thorpe","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0144668","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T18:52:24Z","timestamp":1748717544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0144668"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Cesar","family":"Rodriguez-Saona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0144668","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]}}}