{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T23:12:07Z","timestamp":1787699527390,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]],"date-time":"2015-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]],"date-time":"2015-12-28T18:48:06Z","timestamp":1451328486000},"page":"e0145841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Assessing the Threat of Amphibian Chytrid Fungus in the Albertine Rift: Past, Present and Future"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tracie A.","family":"Seimon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Ayebare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Sekisambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Muhindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillain","family":"Mitamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Greenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Menegon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Pupin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"McAloose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Ammazzalorso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Meirte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilbur","family":"Lukwago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Behangana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Seimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Plumptre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0613:TABFCI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Towards a blueprint for conservation in Africa","volume":"51","author":"T Brooks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.08.021","article-title":"The Biodiversity of the Albertine Rift","volume":"134","author":"AJ Plumptre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1655\/HERPETOLOGICA-D-12-00087","article-title":"At the edge of a species boundary: A new and relatively young species of Leptopelis (Anura: Arthroleptidae) from the Itombwe Plateau, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"70","author":"F Portillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1670\/13-043","article-title":"A new species of the Leptopelis modestus complex (Anura: Arthroleptidae) from the Albertine Rift of central Africa","volume":"48","author":"F Portillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Herpetol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.1780.1.2","article-title":"A new species of clawed frog (genus Xenopus) from the Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Implications for DNA barcodes and biodiversity conservation","volume":"1780","author":"B Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2010.00769.x","article-title":"Description of a new octoploid frog species (Anura: Pipidae: Xenopus) from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with a discussion of the biogeography of African clawed frogs in the Albertine Rift","volume":"283","author":"BJ Evans","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"53","article-title":"An African glass frog: A new Hyperolius species (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from Nyungwe National Park, southern Rwanda","author":"J Maximilian Dehling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2008.03.011","article-title":"Corrigendum to \u201cDistribution and environmental limitations of an amphibian pathogen in the Rocky Mountains, USA\u201d","volume":"141","author":"E Muths","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2008.00548.x","article-title":"Distribution models for the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Costa Rica: Proposing climatic refuges as a conservation tool","volume":"15","author":"R Puschendorf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Divers Distrib"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000550","article-title":"The deadly chytrid fungus: A story of an emerging pathogen","volume":"6","author":"EB Rosenblum","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056802","article-title":"Mapping the global emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the amphibian chytrid fungus","volume":"8","author":"DH Olson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103538","article-title":"Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide","volume":"306","author":"SN Stuart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176765","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines","volume":"326","author":"J Voyles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-007-0093-5","article-title":"Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs","volume":"4","author":"LF Skerratt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.091208.073435","article-title":"Global emergence of <italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/italic> and amphibian chytridiomycosis in space, time, and host","volume":"63","author":"MC Fisher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"225","article-title":"High prevalence of the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) across multiple taxa and localities in the highlands of Ethiopia","volume":"22","author":"DJ Gower","year":"2012","journal-title":"Herpetological Journal"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2982\/0012-8317(2006)95[117:TBARHO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The biology and recent history of the Critically Endangered Kihansi Spray Toad Nectophrynoides Asperginis in Tanzania","volume":"95","author":"A Channing","year":"2006","journal-title":"J East African Nat Hist"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"6","article-title":"Amphibian chytridiomycosis: first report in Nigeria from the skin slough of Chiromantis rufescens","volume":"90","author":"AA Imasuen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Froglog"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"83","article-title":"Survey of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis from montane and lowland frogs in eastern Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"NMM Reeder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Herpetol Notes"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2009.00297.x","article-title":"Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus in Kenya","volume":"13","author":"J Kielgast","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim Conserv"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02557","article-title":"Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians of Cameroon, including first records for caecilians","volume":"102","author":"TM Doherty-Bone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Org"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"191","article-title":"Presence of the amphibian chytrid pathogen confirmed in Cameroon","volume":"22","author":"V Bal\u00e1\u017e","year":"2012","journal-title":"Herpetol J"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069591","article-title":"Spatial assessment of amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in South Africa confirms endemic and widespread infection","volume":"8","author":"J Tarrant","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0364-4","article-title":"High prevalence of the amphibian chytrid pathogen in Gabon","volume":"8","author":"RC Bell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Widespread presence of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in wild amphibian communities in Madagascar","volume":"5","author":"M Bletz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/d1010052","article-title":"Global amphibian extinction risk assessment for the panzootic chytrid fungus","volume":"1","author":"D R\u00f6dder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02197","article-title":"Future potential distribution of the emerging amphibian chytrid fungus under anthropogenic climate change","volume":"92","author":"D R\u00f6dder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056236","article-title":"West Africa\u2014A Safe Haven for Frogs? A Sub-Continental Assessment of the Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)","volume":"8","author":"J Penner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.3.521","article-title":"Chytrid fungus in frogs from an equatorial African montane forest in western Uganda","volume":"43","author":"TL Goldberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"70","article-title":"Amphibian chytrid fungus infections in Hyperolius (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"39","author":"E Greenbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Herpetol Rev"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"91","article-title":"Extensive occurrance of the amphibian chytrid fungus in the Albertine Rift, a Central African amphibian hotspot","volume":"25","author":"E Greenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Herpetol J"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"610","article-title":"Amphibian chytrid Infections in non-forested habitats of Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"45","author":"E Greenbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Amphibian chytrid Infections in non-forested habitats of Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2009.00618.x","article-title":"Widespread historical presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in African pipid frogs","volume":"16","author":"C Soto-Azat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Divers Distrib"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17436","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806368105","article-title":"Evaluating the links between climate, disease spread, and amphibian declines","volume":"105","author":"JR Rohr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01278.x","article-title":"Upward range extension of Andean anurans and chytridiomycosis to extreme elevations in response to tropical deglaciation","volume":"13","author":"T Seimon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01596.x","article-title":"Extinction vulnerability of tropical montane endemism from warming and upslope displacement: A preliminary appraisal for the highest massif in Madagascar","volume":"14","author":"CJ Raxworthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/19297","article-title":"Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain","volume":"398","author":"JA Pounds","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.11.023","article-title":"High prevalence of infection in tadpoles increases vulnerability to fungal pathogen in high-Andean amphibians","volume":"159","author":"A Catenazzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809090105","article-title":"Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park","volume":"105","author":"SK McMenamin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Regional climatology of the Albertine Rift. Long-term changes in Africa\u2019s Rift Valley","author":"A Seimon","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"The Albertine Rift., Conservation and climate disruption: Landscape science and practice in a changing climate","author":"A Seimon","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"103","article-title":"Conservation Strategy in the Great Lakes Region","author":"A Seimon","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1672","article-title":"Disentangling host, pathogen, and environmental determinants of a recently emerged wildlife disease: lessons from the first 15 years of amphibian chytridiomycosis research","volume":"5","author":"TY James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"A manual for control of infectious diseases in amphibian survival assurance colonies and reintroduction programs","author":"AP Pessier","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Field-sampling protocol for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis from living amphibians, using alcohol preserved awabs. Version 1","author":"F. Brem","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3731.4.3","article-title":"Phylogeography of the reed frog Hyperolius castaneus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from the Albertine Rift of central Africa: Implications for taxonomy, biogeography and conservation","volume":"3731","author":"EJ Greenbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3354\/dao060141","article-title":"Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay","volume":"60","author":"DG Boyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213286","article-title":"Interval estimation for a proportion","volume":"16","author":"L Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02029","article-title":"Non-invasive sampling methods for the detection of <italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/italic> in archived amphibians","volume":"84","author":"C Soto-Azat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.3.420","article-title":"A DNA-based assay identifies <italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/italic> in amphibians","volume":"40","author":"SL Annis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026","article-title":"Maximum entropy modelling of species geographic distributions","volume":"190","author":"SJ Phillips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Modell"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-7590.2008.5203.x","article-title":"Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: New extensions and a comprehensive evaluation","volume":"31","author":"SJ Phillips","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecography (Cop)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x","article-title":"A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists","volume":"17","author":"J Elith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Divers Distrib"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"655","article-title":"Proceeding of the twenty-first international conference on machine learning","author":"SJ Phillips","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2008.05.015","article-title":"A comparison of the performance of threshold criteria for binary classification in terms of predicted prevalence and kappa","volume":"217","author":"EA Freeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol Model"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2664.2001.00647.x","article-title":"Evaluating presence\u2013absence models in ecology: the need to account for prevalence","volume":"38","author":"S Manel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276","article-title":"Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"25","author":"RJ Hijmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073830","article-title":"Variation in thermal performance of a widespread pathogen, the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis","volume":"8","author":"LA Stevenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2008.03.011","article-title":"Distribution and environmental limitations of an amphibian pathogen in the Rocky Mountains, USA","volume":"141","author":"E Muths","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Emmissions Scenarios","author":"N Nakicenovic","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"S Solomon","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/e4c527e6-4b6f-4c12-970c-a9e2e6ed8f79","article-title":"ITS1 copy number varies among Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis strains: Implications for qPCR estimates of infection intensity from field-collected amphibian skin swabs","volume":"8","author":"AV Longo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04384.x","article-title":"Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Japan: Distribution, haplotypes and possible route of entry into Japan","volume":"18","author":"K Goka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2005.00028.x","article-title":"Predicting the distribution of the amphibian pathogen <italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/italic> in the New World","volume":"37","author":"SR Ron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Additive threats from pathogens, climate and land-use change for global amphibian diversity","author":"C Hof","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2010.00197.x","article-title":"Effects of temperature and hydric environment on survival of the Panamanian Golden Frog infected with a pathogenic chytrid fungus","volume":"5","author":"H. M. Bustamante","year":"2010","journal-title":"Integr Zool"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01515","article-title":"Hot bodies protect amphibians against chytrid infection in nature","volume":"3","author":"JJL Rowley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3354\/dao055065","article-title":"Emerging disease of amphibians cured by elevating body temperature","volume":"55","author":"DC Woodhams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11137.x","article-title":"Effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis","volume":"82","author":"L Berger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28444","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028444","article-title":"Nothing a hot bath won\u2019t cure: Infection rates of amphibian chytrid fungus correlate negatively with water temperature under natural field settings","volume":"6","author":"MJ Forrest","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2307\/3761981","article-title":"Physiology of <italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/italic>, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians","volume":"96","author":"JS Piotrowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02140","article-title":"Two amphibian diseases, chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease, are now globally notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE): An assessment","volume":"92","author":"LM Schloegel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v74i1.493","article-title":"Histological evidence of chytridiomycete fungal infection in a free-ranging amphibian, Afrana fuscigula (Anura: Ranidae), in South Africa : Short communication","author":"EP Lane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the South African Veterinary Association"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.030804","article-title":"Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus","volume":"10","author":"C Weldon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"265","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis and treatment of epidermal chytridiomycosis in African clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis)","volume":"52","author":"JM Parker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"201","article-title":"Experimental evidence that the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is a potential carrier of chytridiomycosis, an emerging fungal disease of amphibians","volume":"14","author":"P Daszak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Herpetol J. British Herpetological Society"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-013-0832-8","article-title":"Experimental evidence for American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) susceptibility to chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)","volume":"10","author":"SS Gervasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3354\/dao075201","article-title":"Strain differences in the amphibian chytrid <italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/italic> and non-permanent, sub-lethal effects of infection","volume":"75","author":"RWR Retallick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9385","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1300130110","article-title":"Complex history of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus revealed with genome resequencing data","volume":"110","author":"EB Rosenblum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02179","article-title":"A molecular perspective: Biology of the emerging pathogen <italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/italic>","volume":"92","author":"EB Rosenblum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-005-0006-4","article-title":"Experimental exposures of boreal toads (Bufo boreas) to a pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)","volume":"3","author":"C Carey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12615","article-title":"Long-term endemism of two highly divergent lineages of the amphibian-killing fungus in the Atlantic forest of Brazil","volume":"23","author":"D Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.12.007","article-title":"A century of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Illinois amphibians (1888\u20131989)","volume":"182","author":"BL Talley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063791","article-title":"Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Xenopus collected in Africa (1871\u20132000) and in California (2001\u20132010)","volume":"8","author":"VT Vredenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"253","article-title":"Conservation implications following the rediscovery of four frog species from the Itombwe Natural Reserve, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"43","author":"E Greenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Herpetol Rev"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05710.x","article-title":"Novel, panzootic and hybrid genotypes of amphibian chytridiomycosis associated with the bullfrog trade","volume":"21","author":"LM Schloegel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amphibian pathogens in southeast asian frog trade","author":"M Gilbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-11-024.1","article-title":"A continental-scale classification of rainfall seasonality regimes in Africa based on gridded precipitation and land surface temperature products","volume":"50","author":"SM Herrmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Meteor Clim"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2006.00220.x","article-title":"Large-scale seasonal variation in the prevalence and severity of chytridiomycosis","volume":"271","author":"KM Kriger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12194","article-title":"Thermal physiology, disease, and amphibian declines on the eastern slopes of the andes","volume":"28","author":"A Catenazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0145841","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T21:45:10Z","timestamp":1653947110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0145841"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jake","family":"Kerby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0145841","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]]}}}