{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:22:05Z","timestamp":1790716925100,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]],"date-time":"2016-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]],"date-time":"2016-01-28T18:45:46Z","timestamp":1454006746000},"page":"e0146054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Acute Uncomplicated Febrile Illness in Children Aged 2-59 months in Zanzibar \u2013 Aetiologies, Antibiotic Treatment and Outcome"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Elfving","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deler","family":"Shakely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Baltzell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah S.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bachelard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin I.","family":"Falk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Ljung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mwinyi I.","family":"Msellem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahila S.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Parola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Petzold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birger","family":"Trollfors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Bj\u00f6rkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Lindh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"M\u00e5rtensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60497-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"H Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient health workers: technical basis and overview. The WHO Working Group on Guidelines for Integrated Management of the Sick Child","volume":"75","author":"S Gove","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Access to effective antimicrobials: a worldwide challenge","author":"R Laxminarayan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e241","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050241","article-title":"What is the future for global case management guidelines for common childhood diseases?","volume":"5","author":"M English","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1052","article-title":"The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health Project: a 21st century childhood pneumonia etiology study","volume":"54","author":"OS Levine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Real-time PCR threshold cycle (Ct) cut-offs help to identify agents causing acute childhood diarrhea in Zanzibar","author":"K Elfving","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02094-10","article-title":"Frequent detection of respiratory viruses without symptoms: toward defining clinically relevant cutoff values","volume":"49","author":"RR Jansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040309","article-title":"Impact of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar","volume":"4","author":"A Bhattarai","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072912","article-title":"The usefulness of rapid diagnostic tests in the new context of low malaria transmission in Zanzibar","volume":"8","author":"D Shakely","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"353","article-title":"Standardized interpretation of paediatric chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumonia in epidemiological studies","volume":"83","author":"T Cherian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"(2013). Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guidelines for the Management of Common Childhood Illnesses. 2nd ed. Geneva."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d3082","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d3082","article-title":"Diagnostic value of laboratory tests in identifying serious infections in febrile children: systematic review","volume":"342","author":"A Van den Bruel","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90847","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090847","article-title":"The Predictive Value of the NICE "Red Traffic Lights" in Acutely Ill Children","volume":"9","author":"E Kerkhof","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70808-4","article-title":"Development and assessment of molecular diagnostic tests for 15 enteropathogens causing childhood diarrhoea: a multicentre study","volume":"14","author":"J Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23455","article-title":"Association of the CT values of real-time PCR of viral upper respiratory tract infection with clinical severity, Kenya","volume":"85","author":"JA Fuller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0174","article-title":"Outpatient upper respiratory tract viral infections in children with malaria symptoms in Western Kenya","volume":"83","author":"JN Waitumbi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31826fd39b","article-title":"Viral and bacterial causes of severe acute respiratory illness among children aged less than 5 years in a high malaria prevalence area of western Kenya, 2007\u20132010","volume":"32","author":"DR Feikin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70189-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status","volume":"5","author":"IN Okeke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-95","article-title":"Clinical case review: a method to improve identification of true clinical and radiographic pneumonia in children meeting the World Health Organization definition for pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"T Puumalainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"773","article-title":"Additional markers to refine the World Health Organization algorithm for diagnosis of pneumonia","volume":"42","author":"AV Castro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38915.673322.80","article-title":"Chest radiography in children aged 2\u201359 months diagnosed with non-severe pneumonia as defined by World Health Organization: descriptive multicentre study in Pakistan","volume":"333","author":"T Hazir","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200598","article-title":"British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011","volume":"66","author":"M Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90990","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090990","article-title":"Use of antibiotics within the IMCI guidelines in outpatient settings in Papua New Guinean children: an observational and effectiveness study","volume":"9","author":"N Senn","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq142","article-title":"Comparison of oral amoxicillin with placebo for the treatment of world health organization-defined nonsevere pneumonia in children aged 2\u201359 months: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in pakistan","volume":"52","author":"T Hazir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1455","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1391","article-title":"Detection of viruses in young children with fever without an apparent source","volume":"130","author":"JM Colvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002324","article-title":"Etiology of Severe Non-malaria Febrile Illness in Northern Tanzania: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"7","author":"JA Crump","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis530","article-title":"Epidemiology, seasonality, and burden of influenza and influenza-like illness in urban and rural Kenya, 2007\u20132010","volume":"206","author":"MA Katz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104197","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104197","article-title":"Aetiology of acute febrile episodes in children attending korogwe district hospital in north-eastern Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"C Mahende","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1999","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001999","article-title":"Point-of-care laboratory of pathogen diagnosis in rural Senegal","volume":"7","author":"C Sokhna","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30350","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030350","article-title":"The burden of invasive bacterial infections in Pemba, Zanzibar","volume":"7","author":"K Thriemer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214482","article-title":"Beyond malaria\u2014causes of fever in outpatient Tanzanian children","volume":"370","author":"V D'Acremont","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-290","article-title":"Treatment guided by rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in Tanzanian children: safety and alternative bacterial diagnoses","volume":"10","author":"G Mtove","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0146054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T05:05:47Z","timestamp":1540271147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0146054"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Baochuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0146054","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]]}}}