{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:08:13Z","timestamp":1791806893918,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,7]],"date-time":"2016-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,7]],"date-time":"2016-01-07T13:48:54Z","timestamp":1452174534000},"page":"e0146476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Ecological Distribution and CQ11 Genetic Structure of Culex pipiens Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Di Luca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Boccolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Severini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Minelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioia","family":"Bongiorno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Montarsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Arnoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioia","family":"Capelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annapaola","family":"Rizzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Romi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.08.013","article-title":"\u201cBird biting\u201d mosquitoes and human disease: a review of the role of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> complex mosquitoes in epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"A Farajollahi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4.123","article-title":"Members of the <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> complex as vectors of viruses","volume":"28","author":"MJ Turrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"257","article-title":"The systematics of the <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> complex","volume":"37","author":"PF Mattingly","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Supplement to a catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae)","volume":"6","author":"KL Knight","year":"1978","journal-title":"Thomas Say Foundation"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"WRBU (The Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit). Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.wrbu.org\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.wrbu.org<\/ext-link>. Accessed 28 May 2015."},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"521","article-title":"<italic>Culex<\/italic> (<italic>Culex<\/italic>) <italic>molestus<\/italic> Forskal (Diptera: Culicidae): Neotype designation, description, variation, and taxonomic status","volume":"86","author":"RE Harbach","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc Entomol Soc Wash"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1","article-title":"<italic>Culex<\/italic> (<italic>Culex<\/italic>) <italic>pipiens<\/italic> Linnaeus (Diptera, Culicidae)\u2014concepts, type designations, and description","volume":"87","author":"RE Harbach","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Entomol Soc Wash"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"The biology of mosquitoes: sensory reception and behaviour","volume":"Volume 2","author":"AN Clements","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Sofia-Moscow","author":"EB Vinogradova","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.600","article-title":"Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes","volume":"61","author":"HM Savage","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2000.13.415","article-title":"European experience with the West Nile virus ecology and epidemiology: could it be relevant for the New World?","volume":"13","author":"Z Hub\u00e1lek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.410","article-title":"West Nile virus in Southern Portugal, 2004","volume":"5","author":"A Esteves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.3.552","article-title":"Evaluation of potential West Nile virus vectors in Volgograd region, Russia, 2003 (Diptera: Culicidae): species composition, bloodmeal host utilization, and virus infection rates of mosquitoes","volume":"43","author":"MV Fyodorova","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014324","article-title":"Evidence of simultaneous circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in mosquitoes sampled in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) in 2009","volume":"5","author":"M Calzolari","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"907852","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile Disease in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013","volume":"2014","author":"D Di Sabatino","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) network. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/healthtopics\/west_nile_fever\/pages\/index.aspx\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/healthtopics\/west_nile_fever\/pages\/index.aspx<\/ext-link>. Accessed 13 February 2015."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04355.x","article-title":"The taxonomy and biology of two sympatric sibling species of <italic>Culex<\/italic>, C. <italic>pipiens<\/italic> and C. <italic>torrentium<\/italic> (Diptera, Culicidae)","volume":"156","author":"MW Service","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Zool Lond"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.339","article-title":"Rapid assays for identification of members of the <italic>Culex<\/italic> (<italic>Culex<\/italic>) <italic>pipiens<\/italic> complex, their 4hybrids, and other sibling species (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"70","author":"JL Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.2.0750251","article-title":"Rapid assay to identify the two genetic forms of <italic>Culex<\/italic> (<italic>Culex<\/italic>) <italic>pipiens<\/italic> L. (Diptera: Culicidae) and hybrid populations","volume":"75","author":"CM Bahnck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"25","article-title":"PCR-RFLP of the COI gene reliably differentiates <italic>Cx<\/italic>. <italic>pipiens<\/italic>, <italic>Cx<\/italic>. <italic>pipiens<\/italic> f. <italic>molestus<\/italic> and <italic>Cx<\/italic>. <italic>torrentium<\/italic> of the <italic>Pipiens<\/italic> Complex","volume":"23","author":"EV Shaikevich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eu Mosq Bull"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2010.00871.x","article-title":"A sensitive and reliable restriction enzyme assay to distinguish between the mosquitoes <italic>Culex torrentium<\/italic> and <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic>","volume":"24","author":"JC Hesson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-262","article-title":"Asymmetric introgression between sympatric <italic>molestus<\/italic> and <italic>pipiens<\/italic> forms of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Comporta region, Portugal","volume":"9","author":"B Gomes","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00080.x","article-title":"First evidence for presence of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> biotype <italic>molestus<\/italic> in the Netherlands, and of hybrid biotype <italic>pipiens<\/italic> and <italic>molestus<\/italic> in northern Europe","volume":"35","author":"CB Reusken","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0630","article-title":"Geographic distribution and relative abundance of the sibling vector species <italic>Culex torrentium<\/italic> and <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> in Sweden","volume":"11","author":"JC Hesson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-83","article-title":"Molecular evidence of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> form <italic>molestus<\/italic> and hybrids <italic>pipiens<\/italic>\/<italic>molestus<\/italic> in Morocco, North Africa","volume":"5","author":"F Amraoui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.0.68","article-title":"A critical assessment of available molecular identification tools for determining the status of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> s.l. in the United Kingdom","volume":"28","author":"R Danabalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71832","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071832","article-title":"First nationwide surveillance of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> Complex and <italic>Culex torrentium<\/italic> mosquitoes demonstrated the presence of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> biotype <italic>pipiens<\/italic>\/<italic>molestus<\/italic> hybrids in Germany","volume":"8","author":"M Rudolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12020","article-title":"Sympatric occurrence of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> (Diptera, Culicidae) biotypes <italic>pipiens<\/italic>, <italic>molestus<\/italic> and their hybrids in Portugal, Western Europe: feeding patterns and habitat determinants","volume":"28","author":"HC Os\u00f3rio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12107","article-title":"New evidence for the potential role of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> mosquitoes in the transmission cycle of West Nile virus in Tunisia","volume":"29","author":"G Krida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2987\/08-5699.1","article-title":"Genetic differentiation of populations within the <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> complex and phylogeny of related species","volume":"25","author":"T Weitzel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12024","article-title":"The arbovirus vector <italic>Culex torrentium<\/italic> is more prevalent than <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> in northern and central Europe","volume":"28","author":"JC Hesson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102158","article-title":"Population structure and distribution patterns of the sibling mosquito species <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> and <italic>Culex torrentium<\/italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) reveal different evolutionary paths","volume":"9","author":"A Werblow","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"7","article-title":"<italic>Culex<\/italic> (<italic>Culex<\/italic>) <italic>torrentium<\/italic> Martini (Diptera, Culicidae) a new species from Spain","volume":"8","author":"C Aranda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eu Mosq Bull"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"14","article-title":"Distribution chart for European mosquitoes","volume":"3","author":"K Snow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eu Mosq Bull"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094247","article-title":"Emerging Vectors in the <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> Complex","volume":"303","author":"DM Fonseca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.02.006","article-title":"Distribution and hybridization of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> forms in Greece during the West Nile virus outbreak of 2010","volume":"16","author":"B Gomes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0146","article-title":"Genetic variation associated with mammalian feeding in <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> from a West Nile virus epidemic region in Chicago, Illinois","volume":"9","author":"S Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0679","article-title":"Reexamination of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> hybridization zone in the Eastern United States by ribosomal DNA-based single nucleotide polymorphism markers","volume":"85","author":"S Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-305","article-title":"The effect of hybridization of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> complex mosquitoes on transmission of West Nile virus","volume":"6","author":"AT Ciota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300034492","article-title":"Commensalism, adaptation and gene flow: mosquitoes of the <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> complex in different habitats","volume":"66","author":"C Chevillon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genet Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6884120","article-title":"<italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> in London Underground tunnels: differentiation between surface and subterranean populations","volume":"82","author":"K Byrne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"805","article-title":"A comparison of aboveground and belowground populations of <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, New York, using microsatellites","volume":"47","author":"L Kothera","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"EEA (European Environment Agency). Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/COR0-landcover\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/COR0-landcover<\/ext-link>. Accessed 13 March 2015."},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica). Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.istat.it\/storage\/codici-unita-amministrative\/elenco-comuni-italiani.xls\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.istat.it\/storage\/codici-unita-amministrative\/elenco-comuni-italiani.xls<\/ext-link>. Accessed 09 February 2015."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4081\/fe.2009.92","article-title":"Le zanzare italiane: generalit\u00e0 e identificazione degli adulti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"41","author":"F Severini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fragm Entomol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.x","article-title":"Genepop&apos;007: a complete reimplementation of the Genepop software for Windows and Linux","volume":"8","author":"F Rousset","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resources"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.2307\/2408641","article-title":"Estimating F statistics for the analysis of population structure","volume":"38","author":"B Weir","year":"1984","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Goudet J. FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3), 2001. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unil.ch\/izea\/softwares\/fstat.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unil.ch\/izea\/softwares\/fstat.html<\/ext-link>. Updated from Goudet J. 1995."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1086\/282771","article-title":"Genetic distance between populations","volume":"06","author":"M Nei","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780040112","article-title":"A Wilcoxon-type test for trend","volume":"4","author":"J Cuzick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2011.004","article-title":"Molecular approach for identification of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in Province of Alessandria, Piedmont, Italy","volume":"108","author":"A Talbalaghi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Entomol"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"127","article-title":"<italic>Culex<\/italic> (<italic>Culex<\/italic>) <italic>torrentium<\/italic> Martini and <italic>Cx<\/italic>. (<italic>Cx<\/italic>.) <italic>pipiens<\/italic> L. in a southern English county, 1974\u20131975","volume":"14","author":"MT Gillies","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mosq Syst"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"129","article-title":"A study of the distribution of the <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> complex (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in the European part of Russia by molecular methods of identification","volume":"1","author":"EB Vinogradova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp Cytogenet"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"271","article-title":"Population structure in the <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> complex of mosquitos","volume":"37","author":"A Spielman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"175","article-title":"Studies on autogeny in <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> populations in nature. I. Reproductive isolation between autogenous and anautogenous populations","volume":"80","author":"A Spielman","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0146476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T03:54:53Z","timestamp":1567482893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0146476"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Guido","family":"Favia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0146476","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,7]]}}}