{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:09:49Z","timestamp":1790255389689,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]],"date-time":"2016-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]],"date-time":"2016-01-28T18:48:41Z","timestamp":1454006921000},"page":"e0147052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Economic Evaluation of Individual School Closure Strategies: The Hong Kong 2009 H1N1 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zoie Shui-Yee","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Goldsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwok-Leung","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.051370","article-title":"Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, international measures","volume":"12","author":"D Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-207","article-title":"School closures during the 2009 influenza pandemic: national and local experiences","volume":"14","author":"S Cauchemez","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"The Canadian pandemic influenza plan for the health sector. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2011 [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/cpip-pclcpi\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/cpip-pclcpi\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Hong Kong\u2019s preparedness for influenza pandemic\u2013prevention and protection. HK Government. 2007 [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.info.gov.hk\/healthzone\/chp\/Hong_Kong_Preparedness_for_Influenza_Pandemic_Prevention_and_Protection.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.info.gov.hk\/healthzone\/chp\/Hong_Kong_Preparedness_for_Influenza_Pandemic_Prevention_and_Protection.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Principles governing the closure of schools and other educational facilities in Western Australia during a human influenza pandemic. Government of Western Australia. 2015 [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.public.health.wa.gov.au\/cproot\/2253\/2\/school%20closures.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.public.health.wa.gov.au\/cproot\/2253\/2\/school%20closures.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807008369","article-title":"Analyses of the 1957 (Asian) influenza pandemic in the United Kingdom and the impact of school closures","volume":"136","author":"E Vynnycky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology and infection"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7588","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611071104","article-title":"The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities","volume":"104","author":"MCJ Bootsma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610941104","article-title":"Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic","volume":"104","author":"RJ Hatchett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097297","article-title":"The effects of school closures on influenza outbreaks and pandemics: systematic review of simulation studies","volume":"9","author":"C Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009181","article-title":"Social contacts of school children and the transmission of respiratory-spread pathogens","volume":"136","author":"RT Mikolajczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology and infection"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029640","article-title":"Controlling the spread of disease in schools","volume":"6","author":"BJ Ridenhour","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1501.081289","article-title":"School closure to reduce influenza transmission","volume":"15","author":"LM Koonin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-61","article-title":"Social contact networks for the spread of pandemic influenza in children and teenagers","volume":"8","author":"LM Glass","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7218","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07218","article-title":"The role of different social contexts in shaping influenza transmission during the 2009 pandemic","volume":"4","author":"M Ajelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2013.149","article-title":"Tracking infectious disease spread for global pandemic containment","volume":"28","author":"K Tsui","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-221","article-title":"Developing guidelines for school closure interventions to be used during a future influenza pandemic","volume":"10","author":"N Halder","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0b013e3181ce594e","article-title":"Simulating school closure strategies to mitigate an influenza epidemic","volume":"16","author":"BY Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of public health management and practice"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"SCR-SEMS","author":"Y Chan","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1086\/649867","article-title":"Health outcomes and costs of community mitigation strategies for an influenza pandemic in the United States. Clinical infectious diseases: An official publication of the","volume":"50","author":"DJ Perlroth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22087","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022087","article-title":"Cost-effective strategies for mitigating a future influenza pandemic with H1N1 2009 characteristics","volume":"6","author":"N Halder","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1086\/656740","article-title":"The infection attack rate and severity of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza in Hong Kong. Clinical infectious diseases: An official publication of the","volume":"51","author":"JT Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1603.091216","article-title":"School closure and mitigation of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong","volume":"16","author":"JT Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001103","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001103","article-title":"Estimating infection attack rates and severity in real time during an influenza pandemic: Analysis of serial cross-sectional serologic surveillance data","volume":"8","author":"JT Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1086\/657311","article-title":"Protective efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccination against seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infection during 2009 in Hong Kong. Clinical infectious diseases: An official publication of the","volume":"51","author":"BJ Cowling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0911530","article-title":"Comparative epidemiology of pandemic and seasonal influenza A in households","volume":"362","author":"BJ Cowling","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England journal of medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181f20977","article-title":"The effective reproduction number of pandemic influenza: Prospective estimation","volume":"21","author":"BJ Cowling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"CHP advises a secondary school to suspend classes. Centre for Health Protection. 2009 [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.chp.gov.hk\/en\/content\/116\/17274.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.chp.gov.hk\/en\/content\/116\/17274.html<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"EDB announces 14-day class suspension of St Paul\u2019s Convent School in Causeway Bay. The Education Bureau. 2009 [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.info.gov.hk\/gia\/general\/200906\/10\/P200906100342.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.info.gov.hk\/gia\/general\/200906\/10\/P200906100342.htm<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"A secondary school is advised to suspend class. Centre for Health Protection. 2009 [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.chp.gov.hk\/en\/content\/116\/18422.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.chp.gov.hk\/en\/content\/116\/18422.html<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Winter Simulation Conference","author":"ZSY Wong"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM)","author":"Y Chan","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"HKSAR 2011 population census summary results. Census and Statistics Department. 2012 [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.censtatd.gov.hk\/hkstat\/sub\/sp170.jsp?productCode=B1120055\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.censtatd.gov.hk\/hkstat\/sub\/sp170.jsp?productCode=B1120055<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S1-S1","article-title":"Reactive strategies for containing developing outbreaks of pandemic influenza","volume":"11","author":"S Andrad\u00f3ttir","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Fees and Charges. Hospital Authority. [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.ha.org.hk\/visitor\/ha_visitor_index.asp?Content_ID=10045&Lang=ENG&Dimension=100&Parent_ID=10044&Ver=HTML\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.ha.org.hk\/visitor\/ha_visitor_index.asp?Content_ID=10045&amp;Lang=ENG&amp;Dimension=100&amp;Parent_ID=10044&amp;Ver=HTML<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Total health expenditure by financing source and function. Food and Health Bureau. 2010 [cited 2015 Apr 11]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fhb.gov.hk\/statistics\/download\/dha\/en\/tf6_1011.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.fhb.gov.hk\/statistics\/download\/dha\/en\/tf6_1011.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Hospital Authority Statistical Report. Hospital Authority. 2011 [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.ha.org.hk\/upload\/publication_15\/321.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.ha.org.hk\/upload\/publication_15\/321.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Hong Kong GDP per capita. Trade Economics. 2015 [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.tradingeconomics.com\/hong-kong\/gdp-per-capita\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.tradingeconomics.com\/hong-kong\/gdp-per-capita<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics. Census and Statistics Department. 2010 [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.hk\/pub\/B10100032010AN10B0100.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.hk\/pub\/B10100032010AN10B0100.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990507","article-title":"The economic impact of pandemic influenza in the United States: Priorities for intervention","volume":"5","author":"MI Meltzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Average and Median Ages of 2009 H1N1-Related Deaths in the United States, Spring and Fall 2009. CDC. 2010 [cited 2015 May 19]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/h1n1flu\/ages_deaths.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/h1n1flu\/ages_deaths.htm<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"McGhee SM, Yeung RYT. Cost-effectiveness analysis of vaccinating the community-living elderly against influenza in Hong Kong. Health and Health Services Research Fund, 2006. Contract No.: Final Report HHSRF # 01030691."},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"ref42","first-page":"44","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination for elderly people living in the community","volume":"15","author":"CM Schooling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hong Kong medical journal"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Supermarket Price Watch. Consumer Council. 2015 [cited 2015 Oct 12]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www3.consumer.org.hk\/pricewatch\/supermarket\/index.php?filter1=040&filter2=010&filter3=001&lang=en\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www3.consumer.org.hk\/pricewatch\/supermarket\/index.php?filter1=040&amp;filter2=010&amp;filter3=001&amp;lang=en<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2009.00100.x","article-title":"Initial human transmission dynamics of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in North America","volume":"3","author":"B Pourbohloul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Influenza and other respiratory viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/15598608.2012.695571","article-title":"Median-based incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER)","volume":"6","author":"H Bang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of statistical theory and practice"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.903","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves\u2014facts, fallacies and frequently asked questions","volume":"13","author":"E Fenwick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health economics"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"2011","article-title":"Probabilistic sensitivity analysis in health economics","volume":"18","author":"G Baio","journal-title":"Statistical methods in medical research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.804","article-title":"Comprehensive decision analytical modelling in economic evaluation: A Bayesian approach","volume":"13","author":"NJ Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1304.060828","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions to reduce contact rates during a simulated influenza pandemic","volume":"13","author":"MJ Haber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T02:47:46Z","timestamp":1540349266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147052"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Cesar V","family":"Munayco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]]}}}