{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:33:39Z","timestamp":1778776419208,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,26]],"date-time":"2016-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,26]],"date-time":"2016-01-26T18:41:46Z","timestamp":1453833706000},"page":"e0147879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Burden of Liver Disease among Community-Based People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) in Chennai, India"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sunil S.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aylur K.","family":"Srikrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison M.","family":"McFall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Suresh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanmugam","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pachamuthu","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suniti","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Sulkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shruti H.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9963","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"385","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26141","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: new estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence","volume":"57","author":"Hanafiah K Mohd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1400160","article-title":"Treating Hepatitis C in Lower-Income Countries","volume":"370","author":"CR Jayasekera","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71045-X","article-title":"Burden of hepatitis C virus disease and access to hepatitis C virus services in people who inject drugs in India: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"SS Solomon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i13.3431","article-title":"Tools for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection and hepatic fibrosis staging","volume":"20","author":"V Saludes","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02540.x","article-title":"A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Asia, Australia and Egypt","volume":"31","author":"W Sievert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2008 World Drug Report. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/wdr\/WDR_2008\/WDR_2008_eng_web.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/wdr\/WDR_2008\/WDR_2008_eng_web.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.04.004","article-title":"Global estimates of prevalence of HCV infection among injecting drug users","volume":"18","author":"C Aceijas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq288","article-title":"Low incidences of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infection and declining risk behaviors in a cohort of injection drug users in Chennai, India","volume":"172","author":"SS Solomon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181831e85","article-title":"High prevalence of HIV, HIV\/hepatitis C virus coinfection, and risk behaviors among injection drug users in Chennai, India: a cause for concern","volume":"49","author":"SS Solomon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2003.07.001","article-title":"Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"L Sandrin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ultrasound MedBiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23425","article-title":"Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: a 5-year prospective study of 13,369 examinations","volume":"51","author":"L Castera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2008.11.039","article-title":"Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in urban south Indians in relation to different grades of glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome","volume":"84","author":"V Mohan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6512","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6512.13","article-title":"Ultrasound scanning in the detection of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis","volume":"292","author":"SH Saverymuttu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1086\/597350","article-title":"Assessment of liver fibrosis by transient elastography in persons with hepatitis C virus infection or HIV-hepatitis C virus coinfection","volume":"48","author":"GD Kirk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2085","article-title":"Stability of liver fibrosis among HCV-infected injection drug users","volume":"17","author":"SH Mehta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24694","article-title":"&quot;Normal&quot; liver stiffness measure (LSM) values are higher in both lean and obese individuals: a population-based study from a developing country","volume":"55","author":"K Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1301300402","article-title":"Attributable and unattributable risks and fractions and other scenario comparisons","volume":"13","author":"RB Newson","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Stata Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12318","article-title":"Fibroscan can avoid liver biopsy in Indian patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"28","author":"R Goyal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.11.020","article-title":"Liver stiffness values in apparently healthy subjects: influence of gender and metabolic syndrome","volume":"48","author":"D Roulot","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","first-page":"57","article-title":"Transient elastographic evaluation of subjects without known hepatic pathology: does age change the liver stiffness?","volume":"18","author":"R Sirli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05042.x","article-title":"How common is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Asia-Pacific region and are there local differences?","volume":"22","author":"DN Amarapurkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8738","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91164-P","article-title":"Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians","volume":"337","author":"PM McKeigue","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.156","article-title":"Common genetic variation near MC4R is associated with waist circumference and insulin resistance","volume":"40","author":"JC Chambers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"48","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608537103","article-title":"Increased prevalence of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian-Indian men","volume":"103","author":"KF Petersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"RR-4","key":"ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945\u20131965","volume":"61","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832a594e","article-title":"Mortality among injection drug users in Chennai, India (2005\u20132008)","volume":"23","author":"SS Solomon","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu324","article-title":"Voucher incentives improve linkage to and retention in care among HIV-infected drug users in Chennai, India","volume":"59","author":"SS Solomon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.4.450","article-title":"The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection: host, viral, and environmental factors","volume":"284","author":"DL Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00604","article-title":"HIV, age, and the severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: a cohort study","volume":"158","author":"GD Kirk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19941101)74:9<2442::AID-CNCR2820740909>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Concurrent hepatitis B and C virus infection and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. A prospective study","volume":"74","author":"L Benvegnu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.1995.tb00070.x","article-title":"Coinfection with hepatitis B and C or B, C and delta viruses results in severe chronic liver disease and responds poorly to interferon-alpha treatment","volume":"2","author":"MD Weltman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.19288","article-title":"Virologic and clinical expressions of reciprocal inhibitory effect of hepatitis B, C, and delta viruses in patients with chronic hepatitis","volume":"32","author":"E Sagnelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05384.x","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus\/hepatitis C virus coinfection: epidemiology, clinical features, viral interactions and treatment","volume":"23","author":"CJ Chu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80198-0","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses","volume":"28","author":"JP Zarski","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80389-7","article-title":"Coinfection of hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"21","author":"S Sato","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0139015","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139015","article-title":"Replication Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus in Co-Infected Patients in Chinese Population","volume":"10","author":"G Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i11.2955","article-title":"Updates on the treatment and outcomes of dual chronic hepatitis C and B virus infection","volume":"20","author":"CJ Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36509","article-title":"HBV superinfection in hepatitis C virus chronic carriers, viral interaction, and clinical course","volume":"36","author":"E Sagnelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01466.x","article-title":"FibroTest and FibroScan for the prediction of hepatitis C-related fibrosis: a systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy","volume":"102","author":"AA Shaheen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-014-0491-x","article-title":"The usefulness of transient elastography by FibroScan for the evaluation of liver fibrosis","volume":"33","author":"P Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239700186291","article-title":"Injection drug use in Calcutta: a potential focus for an explosive HIV epidemic","volume":"16","author":"S Panda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000592","article-title":"High HIV burden among people who inject drugs in 15 Indian cities","volume":"29","author":"G Lucas","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3109\/10826080903452447","article-title":"The profile of injection drug users in Chennai, India: identification of risk behaviours and implications for interventions","volume":"45","author":"SS Solomon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"9055","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07642-8","article-title":"Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups","volume":"349","author":"T Poynard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref46","first-page":"633","article-title":"Liver disease in women: the influence of gender on epidemiology, natural history, and patient outcomes","volume":"9","author":"J Guy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology & hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu057","article-title":"Natural history and management of hepatitis C: does sex play a role?","volume":"209","author":"R Baden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147879","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T07:09:01Z","timestamp":1748761741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147879"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Anand S","family":"Mehta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147879","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,26]]}}}