{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:27:18Z","timestamp":1760646438448},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]],"date-time":"2016-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]],"date-time":"2016-02-03T18:56:29Z","timestamp":1454525789000},"page":"e0147912","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk Factors for Loss to Follow-Up among People Who Inject Drugs in a Risk Reduction Program at Karachi, Pakistan. A Case-Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rab Nawaz","family":"Samo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajmal","family":"Agha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharaf Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arshad","family":"Altaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meridith","family":"Blevins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han-Zhu","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sten H.","family":"Vermund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus-associated disorders in Pakistan","volume":"4","author":"RM Khanani","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"221","article-title":"A study of HIV-antibody sera of blood donors and people at risk","volume":"38","author":"SA Mujeeb","year":"1998"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref3","first-page":"i19","article-title":"The Asian Epidemic Model: a process model for exploring HIV policy and programme alternatives in Asia","volume":"80","author":"T Brown","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","first-page":"209","article-title":"An outbreak of HIV infection among injection drug users in a small town in Pakistan: potential for national implications","volume":"15","author":"SA Shah","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Program Ministry of Health Government of Pakistan; Islamabad (2006) UNGASS Indicators Country Report. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/pub\/report\/2008\/pakistan_2008_country_progress_report_en.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/pub\/report\/2008\/pakistan_2008_country_progress_report_en.pdf<\/ext-link> (Accessed on 2nd December 2013)"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Program Ministry Of Health; Pakistan (2006\u20132007) HIV Second Generation Surveillance in Pakistan: National Report Round II. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.nacp.gov.pk\/library\/reports\/Surveillance%20&%20Research\/HIV-AIDS%20Surveillance%20Project-HASP\/HIV%20Second%20Generation%20Surveillance%20in%20Pakistan%20-%20Round%202%20Report%202006-07.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.nacp.gov.pk\/library\/reports\/Surveillance%20&amp;%20Research\/HIV-AIDS%20Surveillance%20Project-HASP\/HIV%20Second%20Generation%20Surveillance%20in%20Pakistan%20-%20Round%202%20Report%202006-07.pdf<\/ext-link> (Accessed on 2nd December 2013)"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Canada Pakistan HIV\/AIDS Surveillance Project (CIDA) (2008) HIV Second Generation Surveillance in Sindh: Round III IBBS Report. National AIDS Control Program Ministry of Health; Pakistan. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.nacp.gov.pk\/library\/reports\/Surveillance%20&%20Research\/HIV-AIDS%20Surveillance%20Project-HASP\/HIV%20Second%20Generation%20Surveillance%20in%20Pakistan%20-%20National%20report%20Round%20III%202008.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.nacp.gov.pk\/library\/reports\/Surveillance%20&amp;%20Research\/HIV-AIDS%20Surveillance%20Project-HASP\/HIV%20Second%20Generation%20Surveillance%20in%20Pakistan%20-%20National%20report%20Round%20III%202008.pdf<\/ext-link> (Accessed on 2nd December 2013)"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health Government of Pakistan (2010) UNGASS Pakistan Report, Progress report on the Declaration of Commitment on HIV\/AIDS for the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV\/AIDS. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/pub\/Report\/2010\/pakistan_2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/pub\/Report\/2010\/pakistan_2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf<\/ext-link> (Accessed on 2nd December 2013)"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"AIDS in Pakistan","author":"SA Shah","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(99)00111-0","article-title":"Sub national response in HIV\/AIDS: a case study in AIDS prevention and control from Sindh province, Pakistan","volume":"113","author":"AA Hyder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","first-page":"43","article-title":"Health care systems in transition III. Pakistan, Part II. Pakistan&apos;s response to HIV-AIDS","volume":"22","author":"BM Kazi","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"11","article-title":"Resource allocation within the National AIDS Control Program of Pakistan: a qualitative assessment of decision maker&apos;s opinions","volume":"7","author":"S Husain","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"648","article-title":"Pakistan prepares to abolish Ministry of Health","volume":"378","author":"S Nishtar","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60019-7","article-title":"Pakistan&apos;s health system: performance and prospects after the 18th Constitutional Amendment","volume":"381","author":"S Nishtar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"UNODC, UNAIDS Pakistan country advocacy brief on injecting drug use and HIV. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/southeastasiaandpacific\/topics\/hiv-aids\/UNRTF\/PAK_CAB_29_Mar_10_.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/southeastasiaandpacific\/topics\/hiv-aids\/UNRTF\/PAK_CAB_29_Mar_10_.pdf<\/ext-link> (Accessed on 2nd December 2013)"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"5 Global State of Harm Reduction 2008: Mapping the Response to Drug-Related HIV and Hepatitis C Epidemics","author":"C Cook","year":"2008"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81715","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081715","article-title":"High HIV incidence among persons who inject drugs in Pakistan: Greater risk with needle sharing and injecting frequently among the homeless","volume":"8","author":"RN Samo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"17","article-title":"Source Code for Biology and Medicine","volume":"3","author":"Z Bursac","year":"2008","journal-title":"Source code for biology and medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","first-page":"274","article-title":"Young age predicts poor antiretroviral adherence and viral load suppression among injection drug users","volume":"26","author":"SE Hadland","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","first-page":"77","article-title":"Retention in care of adults and adolescents living with HIV in 13 U.S. areas","volume":"60","author":"HI Hall","year":"2012"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref21","first-page":"299","article-title":"Non-medically supervised treatment interruptions among participants in a universally accessible antiretroviral therapy programme","volume":"11","author":"DM Moore","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","first-page":"e552","article-title":"Patient and regimen characteristics associated with self-reported non adherence to antiretroviral therapy","volume":"2","author":"PS Sullivan","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","first-page":"2","article-title":"Suicidal ideation and HIV risk behaviors among a cohort of injecting drug users in New Delhi, India","volume":"8","author":"E Sarin","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"189","article-title":"HIV testing and willingness to get HIV testing at a peer-run drop-in centre for people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"12","author":"L Ti","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref25","first-page":"177","article-title":"Lifetime ATS use and increased HIV risk among not-in-treatment opiate injectors in Malaysia","volume":"124","author":"MC Chawarski","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","first-page":"239","article-title":"Perceptions of community- and family-level injection drug user (IDU)- and HIV-related stigma, disclosure decisions and experiences with layered stigma among HIV-positive IDUs in Vietnam","volume":"24","author":"AE Rudolph","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref27","first-page":"558","article-title":"Influence of Perceived Secondary Stigma and Family on the Response to HIV Infection Among Injection Drug Users in Vietnam","volume":"22","author":"ML Salter","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-221","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS knowledge in detention in Hunan province, China","volume":"10","author":"W Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","first-page":"273","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among male injection drug users in detention in Tehran, Iran","volume":"53","author":"P Kheirandish","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"492","article-title":"Incarceration experiences among a community-recruited sample of injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"9","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref31","first-page":"902","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C infection among male injection drug users in detention, Tehran, Iran","volume":"86","author":"P Kheirandish","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","first-page":"255","article-title":"Expanding the reach of harm reduction in Thailand: experiences with a drug user-run drop-in centre","volume":"21","author":"T Kerr","year":"2010"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref33","first-page":"2124","article-title":"Prevalence of infections, HIV risk behaviors and factors associated with HIV infection among male injecting drug users attending a needle\/syringe exchange program in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"43","author":"T Azim","year":"2008"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref34","first-page":"e234","article-title":"Health and human rights concerns of drug users in detention in Guangxi Province, China","volume":"5","author":"JE Cohen","year":"2008"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref35","first-page":"1472","article-title":"HIV risk behavior among injection drug users in Tehran, Iran","volume":"102","author":"N Razani","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref36","first-page":"519","article-title":"The prevalence and risk behaviours associated with the transmission of blood-borne viruses among ethnic-Vietnamese injecting drug users","volume":"30","author":"ME Hellard","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethnicity and risk factors in needle sharing among intravenous drug users in Sichuan Province","volume":"19","author":"SY Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"China."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref38","first-page":"119","article-title":"Correlates of injection use of synthetic drugs among drug users in Pakistan: a case controlled study","volume":"56","author":"F Emmanuel","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref39","first-page":"101","article-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus among injecting drug users from Kathmandu","volume":"1","author":"IL Shrestha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","first-page":"147","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection among Thai blood donors: antibody prevalence, risk factors and development of risk screening form","volume":"35","author":"P Luksamijarulkul","year":"2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref41","first-page":"1672","article-title":"Gender and HIV risk behavior among intravenous drug users in Sichuan Province, China","volume":"62","author":"SY Choi","year":"2006"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref42","first-page":"792","article-title":"Ethnic and cultural determinants influence risk assessment for hepatitis C acquisition","volume":"19","author":"A Dev","year":"2004"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref43","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Needle sharing among southern Thai drug injectors","volume":"98","author":"P Perngmark","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref44","first-page":"73","article-title":"Epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in opiate users in Northern Thailand","volume":"17","author":"DD Celentano","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref45","first-page":"86","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on factors including HIV testing and counseling determining unsafe injecting practices among injecting drug users of Manipur","volume":"39","author":"S Sarkar","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref46","first-page":"239","article-title":"Predictive factors for treatment retention in methadone programs in Indonesia","volume":"42","author":"R Sarasvita","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ref47","first-page":"380","article-title":"Effects of nurse-delivered home visits combined with telephone calls on medication adherence and quality of life in HIV-infected heroin users in Hunan of China","volume":"19","author":"H Wang","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref48","first-page":"418","article-title":"Correlates of HIV-1 viral suppression in a cohort of HIV-positive drug users receiving antiretroviral therapy in Hanoi, Vietnam","volume":"20","author":"MR Jordan","year":"2009"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref49","first-page":"1242","article-title":"Barriers to adherence to antiretroviral medications among patients living with HIV in southern China: a qualitative study","volume":"20","author":"LL Sabin","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref50","first-page":"71","article-title":"Self-Reported adherence to antiretroviral treatment among HIV-infected people in Central China","volume":"22","author":"H Wang","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref51","first-page":"246","article-title":"Paradoxes in antiretroviral treatment for injecting drug users: access, adherence and structural barriers in Asia and the former Soviet Union","volume":"18","author":"D Wolfe","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref52","first-page":"318","article-title":"HIV incidence, retention rate, and baseline predictors of HIV incidence and retention in a prospective cohort study of injection drug users in Xinjiang, China","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref53","first-page":"459","article-title":"HIV incidence and factors contributed to retention in a 12-month follow-up study of injection drug users in Sichuan Province, China","volume":"39","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2005"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref54","first-page":"602","article-title":"Social support in treatment-seeking heroin-dependent and alcohol dependent patients","volume":"56","author":"S Malhotra","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref55","first-page":"233","article-title":"Adherence to methadone is associated with a lower level of HIV-related risk behaviors in drug users","volume":"24","author":"KH Wong","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref56","first-page":"740","article-title":"The efficacy of a network intervention to reduce HIV risk behaviors among drug users and risk partners in Chiang Mai, Thailand and Philadelphia, USA","volume":"68","author":"CA Latkin","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014707","article-title":"Relationships between social norms, social network characteristics, and HIV risk behaviors in Thailand and the United States","volume":"28","author":"C Latkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref58","first-page":"887","article-title":"Condom use with primary partners among injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand and New York City, United States","volume":"7","author":"S Vanichseni","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref59","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Sexual risk reduction in a cohort of injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"37","author":"S Vanichseni","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref60","first-page":"88","article-title":"HIV risk reduction in a cohort of injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"33","author":"K Choopanya","year":"2003"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"ref61","first-page":"S109","article-title":"Reducing HIV infection among new injecting drug users in the China-Vietnam Cross Border Project","volume":"21","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref62","first-page":"97","article-title":"Patterns of HIV prevalence and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users prior to and 24 months following implementation of cross-border HIV prevention interventions in northern Vietnam and southern China","volume":"18","author":"TM Hammett","year":"2006"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref63","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Declining risk for HIV among injecting drug users in Kathmandu, Nepal: the impact of a harm-reduction programme","volume":"9","author":"A Peak","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref64","first-page":"195","article-title":"HIV infection as a predictor of methadone maintenance outcomes in Chinese injection drug users","volume":"24","author":"L Zhao","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"ref65","first-page":"335","article-title":"Motivational profiles of clients seeking methadone maintenance therapy in China","volume":"118","author":"L Li","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref66","first-page":"45","article-title":"A qualitative study exploring the reason for low dosage of methadone prescribed in the MMT clinics in China","volume":"117","author":"C Lin","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref67","first-page":"148","article-title":"Patterns of attendance in methadone maintenance treatment program in Yunnan Province, China","volume":"37","author":"Y Che","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref68","first-page":"269","article-title":"Family support, quality of life and concurrent substance use among methadone maintenance therapy clients in China","volume":"125","author":"C Lin","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref69","first-page":"237","article-title":"Behavioral drug and HIV risk reduction counseling (BDRC) in MMT programs in Wuhan, China: a pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"115","author":"MC Chawarski","year":"2011"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref70","first-page":"ii29","article-title":"Scaling up the national methadone maintenance treatment program in China: achievements and challenges","volume":"39","author":"W Yin","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref71","first-page":"119","article-title":"Structural-level factors affecting implementation of the methadone maintenance therapy program in China","volume":"38","author":"C Lin","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9644","key":"ref72","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Substitution treatment in Malaysia","volume":"372","author":"NM Noordin","year":"2007"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02249.x","article-title":"Key findings from the WHO collaborative study on substitution therapy for opioid dependence and HIV\/AIDS","volume":"103","author":"P Lawrinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref74","first-page":"217","article-title":"Methadone versus buprenorphine maintenance for the treatment of heroin-dependent outpatients","volume":"24","author":"J Ahmadi","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref75","first-page":"157","article-title":"Buprenorphine maintenance treatment of heroin dependence: the first experience from Iran","volume":"22","author":"J Ahmadi","year":"2002"},{"issue":"8141","key":"ref76","first-page":"485","article-title":"Double-blind comparison of methadone and placebo maintenance treatments of narcotic addicts in Hong Kong","volume":"2","author":"RG Newman","year":"1979"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref77","first-page":"9","article-title":"Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Pakistan: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"13","author":"SA Ali","year":"2009"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.012","article-title":"Risk factors and prevalence of tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among prisoners in Pakistan","volume":"14","author":"AM Kazi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147912","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T02:09:38Z","timestamp":1540260578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147912"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Thorne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147912","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]]}}}