{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:05:46Z","timestamp":1790665546156,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]],"date-time":"2016-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]],"date-time":"2016-01-29T18:45:28Z","timestamp":1454093128000},"page":"e0147917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["A Single-Arm, Proof-Of-Concept Trial of Lopimune (Lopinavir\/Ritonavir) as a Treatment for HPV-Related Pre-Invasive Cervical Disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lynne","family":"Hampson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent O.","family":"Maranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millicent S.","family":"Masinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony W.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Batman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minaxi","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parmenas M.","family":"Okemwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Stringfellow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Martin-Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex M.","family":"Mwaniki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gichangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian N.","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.4.244","article-title":"The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"55","author":"FX Bosch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"F55","article-title":"Papillomavirus infections\u2014a major cause of human cancers","volume":"1288","author":"H zur Hausen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<12::AID-PATH431>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide","volume":"189","author":"JM Walboomers","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19990315)80:6<827::AID-IJC6>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Estimates of the worldwide incidence of 25 major cancers in 1990","volume":"80","author":"DM Parkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(99)00043-0","article-title":"Risk factors for human papillomavirus and cervical precancerous lesions, and the role of concurrent HIV-1 infection","volume":"65","author":"M Temmerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2005.02.008","article-title":"Management of cervical premalignant lesions","volume":"19","author":"BG Lindeque","year":"2005","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808516","article-title":"HPV screening for cervical cancer in rural India","volume":"360","author":"R Sankaranarayanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"CD001318","article-title":"Surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","author":"PL Martin-Hirsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1989.tb03380.x","article-title":"Large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). A new method of management for women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"96","author":"W Prendiville","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61195-7","article-title":"Effect of visual screening on cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Tamil Nadu, India: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"370","author":"R Sankaranarayanan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.05.091","article-title":"Therapy of human papillomavirus-related disease","volume":"30","author":"PL Stern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh023","article-title":"Established and potential strategies against papillomavirus infections","volume":"53","author":"HU Bernard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350601100607","article-title":"Specific HIV protease inhibitors inhibit the ability of HPV16 E6 to degrade p53 and selectively kill E6-dependent cervical carcinoma cells in vitro","volume":"11","author":"L Hampson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1086\/527387","article-title":"Antiretroviral drug concentrations and HIV RNA in the genital tract of HIV-infected women receiving long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"46","author":"A Kwara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Oral Lopinavir Use and Human Papillomavirus Infection in HIV-positive Women","author":"CD Lahiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1786","article-title":"Lopinavir up-regulates expression of the antiviral protein ribonuclease L in human papillomavirus-positive cervical carcinoma cells","volume":"16","author":"G Batman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328313915d","article-title":"Repositioning HIV protease inhibitors as cancer therapeutics","volume":"3","author":"WB Bernstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70334-6","article-title":"Anti-HIV drugs for cancer therapeutics: back to the future?","volume":"10","author":"WA Chow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.11.75","article-title":"Lessons from repurposing HIV drugs: a prospective novel strategy for drug design","volume":"6","author":"G Batman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Virology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328351f7a5","article-title":"Ritonavir or saquinavir impairs the invasion of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia cells via a reduction of MMP expression and activity","volume":"26","author":"G Barillari","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-4-8","article-title":"Papanicolaou smears and cervical inflammatory cytokine responses","volume":"4","author":"JA Passmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Inflamm (Lond)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11245","article-title":"Test characteristics of visual inspection with 4% acetic acid (VIA) and Lugol&apos;s iodine (VILI) in cervical cancer screening in Kerala, India","volume":"106","author":"R Sankaranarayanan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref23","first-page":"S63","article-title":"Analytical performance of the Investigational Use Only Cervista HPV HR test as determined by a multi-center study","volume":"45","author":"SP Day","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2174\/1874357901307010019","article-title":"HIV Infection Alters the Spectrum of HPV Subtypes Found in Cervical Smears and Carcinomas from Kenyan Women","volume":"7","author":"IO Maranga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Virol J"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.08.002","article-title":"Validation of a fast method for quantitative analysis of elvitegravir, raltegravir, maraviroc, etravirine, tenofovir, boceprevir and 10 other antiretroviral agents in human plasma samples with a new UPLC-MS\/MS technology","volume":"86","author":"Z Djerada","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28514","article-title":"Interlaboratory variation in the performance of liquid-based cytology: insights from the ATHENA trial","volume":"134","author":"TC Wright Jr.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70156-1","article-title":"HPV testing in combination with liquid-based cytology in primary cervical screening (ARTISTIC): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"HC Kitchener","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"114","article-title":"The efficacy of 9-cis-retinoic acid (aliretinoin) as a chemopreventive agent for cervical dysplasia: results of a randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"RD Alvarez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djg037","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection and time to progression and regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"95","author":"NF Schlecht","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2014.02.012","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A systemic review","volume":"11","author":"XH Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2009.06.042","article-title":"Topical treatment of CIN 2+ by cidofovir: results of a phase II, double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study","volume":"115","author":"C Van Pachterbeke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2012.09.006","article-title":"Topical imiquimod treatment for human papillomavirus infection in patients with and without cervical\/vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"51","author":"CT Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2013.10.004","article-title":"Efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream for persistent human papillomavirus in genital intraepithelial neoplasm","volume":"52","author":"FP Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"314","article-title":"Topical 5-fluorouracil for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"210","author":"L Rahangdale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"38","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of lopinavir\/ritonavir during pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"MV Pasley","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147917","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T20:00:39Z","timestamp":1654200039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147917"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vikrant","family":"Sahasrabuddhe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147917","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]]}}}