{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:46:39Z","timestamp":1777445199179,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T19:04:42Z","timestamp":1454699082000},"page":"e0148598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Mismatch between High-Risk Behaviors and Screening of Infectious Diseases among People Who Inject Drugs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Linda Beatrice","family":"Mlunde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno Fokas","family":"Sunguya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessie Kazeni","family":"Mbwambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omary Said","family":"Ubuguyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Shibanuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Yasuoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masamine","family":"Jimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60743-X","article-title":"HIV and risk environment for injecting drug users: the past, present, and future","volume":"376","author":"SA Strathdee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7156.433","article-title":"Infection with HIV and hepatitis C virus among injecting drug users in a prevention setting: retrospective cohort study","volume":"317","author":"I van Beek","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.172.1.16","article-title":"Risk of hepatitis B infection among young injection drug users in San Francisco: opportunities for intervention","volume":"172","author":"KH Seal","year":"2000","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000343764.62455.9e","article-title":"Injecting and sexual risk behaviours, sexually transmitted infections and HIV prevalence in injecting drug users in three states in India","volume":"22","author":"J Mahanta","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.11.1538","article-title":"Risk factors for HIV-1 seroconversion among injection drug users: a case-control study","volume":"85","author":"DD Chitwood","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S330","DOI":"10.1086\/427475","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection and injection drug users: prevention, risk factors, and treatment","volume":"40","author":"M Backmund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii17","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.034090","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV, HCV and sexually transmitted infections among injecting drug users in Rawalpindi and Abbottabad, Pakistan: evidence for an emerging injection-related HIV epidemic","volume":"85","author":"L Platt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60829-X","article-title":"Treatment of medical, psychiatric, and substance-use comorbidities in people infected with HIV who use drugs","volume":"376","author":"F Altice","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-3-199308010-00002","article-title":"Tuberculin and anergy testing in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative persons. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group","volume":"119","author":"N Markowitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-3-199308010-00003","article-title":"Risk for developing tuberculosis among anergic patients infected with HIV","volume":"119","author":"S Moreno","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.1.3","article-title":"From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection","volume":"75","author":"DT Fleming","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1086\/321909","article-title":"Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"CS Graham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.996","article-title":"Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"LP Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/128048\/1\/9789241507431_eng.pdf?ua=1\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/128048\/1\/9789241507431_eng.pdf?ua=1<\/ext-link>. Accessed 9 July 2015."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000151079.33935.79","article-title":"Meta-analysis of high-risk sexual behavior in persons aware and unaware they are infected with HIV in the United States: implications for HIV prevention programs","volume":"39","author":"G Marks","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"158","article-title":"&quot;Informed altruism&quot; and &quot;partner restriction&quot; in the reduction of HIV infection in injecting drug users entering detoxification treatment in New York City, 1990\u20132001","volume":"35","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9469-y","article-title":"High HIV prevalence, suboptimal HIV testing, and low knowledge of HIV-positive serostatus among injection drug users in St. Petersburg","volume":"14","author":"LM Niccolai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Russia. AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2012.743832","article-title":"Drug trafficking, use, and HIV risk: the need for comprehensive interventions","volume":"9","author":"J Mbwambo","year":"2012","journal-title":"SAHARA J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67062","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067062","article-title":"Identifying programmatic gaps: inequities in harm reduction service utilization among male and female drug users in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"BH Lambdin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-159","article-title":"Risky sexual practices among youth attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"W Urassa","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW). Sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections: a manual for service providers. 2008. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.jica.go.jp\/project\/tanzania\/001\/materials\/pdf\/sti_04.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.jica.go.jp\/project\/tanzania\/001\/materials\/pdf\/sti_04.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 3 September 12015."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.029488","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections knowledge and its impact in the practice of risky sexual behaviours and HIV serostatus: results from rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania","volume":"84","author":"EJ Mmbaga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW). National guidelines for management of sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections. 2007. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.nacp.go.tz\/site\/download\/stinationalguideline.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.nacp.go.tz\/site\/download\/stinationalguideline.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 3 September 2015."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Dutta A, Barker C, Makyao N. Consensus estimates on key population size and HIV prevalence in Tanzania. 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.healthpolicyproject.com\/pubs\/391_FORMATTEDTanzaniaKPconsensusmtgreport.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.healthpolicyproject.com\/pubs\/391_FORMATTEDTanzaniaKPconsensusmtgreport.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 21 August 2015."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.08.005","article-title":"An urgent need to scale-up injecting drug harm reduction services in Tanzania: prevalence of blood-borne viruses among drug users in Temeke District, Dar-es-Salaam, 2011","volume":"24","author":"AL Bowring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0208","article-title":"Active case finding for tuberculosis among people who inject drugs on methadone treatment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"18","author":"A Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2989\/16085900609490390","article-title":"Incidence of HIV-1 infection and changes in prevalence of reproductive tract infections and sexual risk behaviours: a population-based longitudinal study in rural Tanzania","volume":"5","author":"EJ Mmbaga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr J AIDS Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101221","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101221","article-title":"Epidemiology of curable sexually transmitted infections among women at increased risk for HIV in northwestern Tanzania: inadequacy of syndromic management","volume":"9","author":"SC Francis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.09.005","article-title":"Lessons from Tanzania on the integration of HIV and tuberculosis treatments into methadone assisted treatment","volume":"25","author":"RD Bruce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19936","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.19936","article-title":"Service integration: opportunities to expand access to antiretroviral therapy for people who inject drugs in Tanzania","volume":"18","author":"BH Lambdin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02908.x","article-title":"Flashblood: blood sharing among female injecting drug users in Tanzania","volume":"105","author":"SA McCurdy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) &amp; ICF Macro. Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.measuredhs.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR243\/FR243%5B24June2011%5D.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.measuredhs.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR243\/FR243%5B24June2011%5D.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2 November 2014."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S","article-title":"The Fifth Edition of the Addiction Severity Index","volume":"9","author":"AT McLellan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"411","article-title":"What you see may not be what you get: a brief, nontechnical introduction to overfitting in regression-type models","volume":"66","author":"MA Babyak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9368-1","article-title":"Transactional sex among men and women in the south at high risk for HIV and other STIs","volume":"86","author":"GV Bobashev","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7519.778-a","article-title":"A theme issue by, for, and about Africa: new injecting practice increases HIV risk among drug users in Tanzania","volume":"331","author":"SA McCurdy","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120500120930","article-title":"Heroin and HIV risk in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: youth hangouts, mageto and injecting practices","volume":"17","author":"SA McCurdy","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01923.x","article-title":"Expanding access to voluntary HIV counselling and testing in sub-Saharan Africa: alternative approaches for improving uptake, 2001\u20132007","volume":"12","author":"JK Matovu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Sandra T, A. MS, M.T. L, P. KG, John A, A. M, et al. Substance abuse, HIV risk and HIV\/AIDS in Tanzania. African Journal of Drug &amp; Alcohol Studies [Internet]. 2006; 5:[158\u201369 pp.]."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.02.013","article-title":"A mixed methods approach to identifying factors related to voluntary HIV testing among injection drug users in Shanghai, China","volume":"16","author":"J Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Education Improves Public Health and Promotes Health Equity","author":"RA Hahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-11-1","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators of hepatitis C screening among people who inject drugs: a multi-city, mixed-methods study","volume":"11","author":"JA Barocas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500203","article-title":"Social learning theory and the Health Belief Model","volume":"15","author":"IM Rosenstock","year":"1988","journal-title":"Health Educ Q"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181fbc94f","article-title":"Testing for HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and viral hepatitis in jails: still a missed opportunity for public health and HIV prevention","volume":"55","author":"TP Flanigan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW). Standard operating procedures for HIV testing and counseling (HTC) services. 2009. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.jica.go.jp\/project\/tanzania\/001\/materials\/pdf\/vct_10.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.jica.go.jp\/project\/tanzania\/001\/materials\/pdf\/vct_10.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 21 September 2015."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2012.01314.x","article-title":"Long-term follow-up after voluntary human immunodeficiency virus\/sexually transmitted infection counseling, point-of-service testing, and referral to substance abuse treatment from the emergency department","volume":"19","author":"E Bernstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Academic Emergency Medicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0148598","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T01:54:09Z","timestamp":1540346049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0148598"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Paraskevis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0148598","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]}}}