{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:16:47Z","timestamp":1792430207920,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]],"date-time":"2016-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]],"date-time":"2016-04-06T19:47:07Z","timestamp":1459972027000},"page":"e0150960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Factors Affecting Elevated Arsenic and Methyl Mercury Concentrations in Small Shield Lakes Surrounding Gold Mines near the Yellowknife, NT, (Canada) Region"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Adam James","family":"Houben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"D\u2019Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven V","family":"Kokelj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jules M","family":"Blais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/00022470.1978.10470580","article-title":"The impact of gold smelter emissions on vegetation and soils of a sub-Arctic forest-tundra transition ecosystem","volume":"28","author":"D Hocking","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Air Pollut Control Assoc"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02516141","article-title":"Arsenic pollution in the Yellowknife area from gold smelter activities","volume":"71","author":"TC Hutchinson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Radioanal Chem"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2009.01.005","article-title":"Aquatic arsenic: toxicity, speciation, transformations, and remediation","volume":"35","author":"VK Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.2.2.85","article-title":"Microbial transformations of arsenic in the environment: from soda lakes to aquifers","volume":"2","author":"JR Lloyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Elements"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.2113\/gscanmin.43.4.1205","article-title":"The speciation of arsenic in iron oxides in mine wastes from the Giant Gold Mine, N.W.T.: application of synchrotron micro-XRD and micro-Xanes at the grain scale","volume":"43","author":"SR Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can Mineral"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1071\/EN05062","article-title":"Environmental contamination of arsenic and its toxicological impact on humans","volume":"2","author":"JC Ng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Chem"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9297259","article-title":"Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water","volume":"97","author":"AH Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.03.014","article-title":"Bioaccumulation, biotransformation and trophic transfer of arsenic in the aquatic food chain","volume":"116","author":"MA Rahman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200604805","article-title":"Pentavalent arsenic can bind to biomolecules","volume":"46","author":"A Raab","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angew Chemie\u2014Int Ed"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6716","DOI":"10.1021\/es049660k","article-title":"Modeling the effect of algal dynamics on arsenic speciation in Lake Biwa","volume":"38","author":"FL Hellweger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2009.11.005","article-title":"Biogeochemical redox cycling of arsenic in mine-impacted lake sediments and co-existing pore waters near Giant Mine, Yellowknife Bay, Canada","volume":"25","author":"CF Andrade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Geochemistry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galloway JM, Palmer M, Jamieson HE, Patterson RT, Nasser N, Falck H, et al. Geochemistry of lakes across ecozones in the Northwest Territories and implications for the distribution of arsenic in the Yellowknife region. Part 1: Sediments; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 7908, 1.zip file. 2015. 50 pp. <comment>doi: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4095\/296954\" xlink:type=\"simple\">10.4095\/296954<\/ext-link><\/comment>","DOI":"10.4095\/296954"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"St-Onge SM. Impacts of arsenic and sulphur dioxide contamination from mining activities on forest health near Yellowknife, NWT. M.Sc. Thesis, Carleton University. 2007. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/proquest.umi.com\/pdf\/49471acd8a57091eb4375939681f02dd\/1296760428\/\/share4\/pqimage\/pqirs101v\/201102031343\/46481\/23908\/out.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/proquest.umi.com\/pdf\/49471acd8a57091eb4375939681f02dd\/1296760428\/\/share4\/pqimage\/pqirs101v\/201102031343\/46481\/23908\/out.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1021\/es9906756","article-title":"The predominance of inorganic arsenic species in plants from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada","volume":"34","author":"I Koch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0739(200005)14:5<245::AID-AOC986>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Arsenic species in terrestrial fungi and lichens from Yellowknife, NWT, Canada","volume":"14","author":"I Koch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Organomet Chem"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1897\/04-155R.1","article-title":"Arsenic speciation in terrestrial birds from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada: the unexpected finding of arsenobetaine","volume":"24","author":"I Koch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02332047","article-title":"Arsenic in sediments, water and aquatic biota from lakes in the vicinity of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada","volume":"7","author":"R Wagemann","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1021\/es0524144","article-title":"Sulfate addition increases methylmercury production in an experimental wetland","volume":"40","author":"JD Jeremiason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1021\/es00035a029","article-title":"Sulfate stimulation of mercury methylation in freshwater sediments","volume":"26","author":"CC Gilmour","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1139\/e17-014","article-title":"The Bell Lake group and Anton Complex: a basement-cover sequence beneath the Archean Yellowknife greenstone belt revealed and implicated in greenstone belt formation","volume":"34","author":"CE Isachsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Earth Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerr DE, Wilson P. Preliminary surficial geology studies and mineral exploration considerations in the Yellowknife area, Northwest Territories. Geol Surv Canada. 2000;C3: 8 pp.","DOI":"10.4095\/211101"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.52.4.400","article-title":"Mineralogy of the Giant Yellowknife gold mine, Yellowknife, NWT","volume":"52","author":"LC Coleman","year":"1957","journal-title":"Econ Geol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/10256010410001671014","article-title":"Sources and circulation of water and arsenic in the Giant Mine, Yellowknife, NWT, Canada","volume":"40","author":"ID Clark","year":"2004","journal-title":"Isotopes Environ Health Stud"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Ecosystem Classification Group. Ecological Regions of the Northwest Territories\u2014taiga shield. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of Northwest Territories Yellowknife, NT, Canada; 2008; viii + 146 pp. + inset map. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.enr.gov.nt.ca\/_live\/documents\/content\/NWT_Taiga_Shield_final_to_printer(errata_corrected_April2013)_webversion.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.enr.gov.nt.ca\/_live\/documents\/content\/NWT_Taiga_Shield_final_to_printer(errata_corrected_April2013)_webversion.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"25","article-title":"The metabolism of arsenite","volume":"5","author":"M Bromstad","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of the Northwest Territories. Giant Mine remediation project: developer\u2019s assessment report. 2010. Environmental Assessment EA0809-001. 764 pp."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.11.016","article-title":"Biogeochemical factors influencing net mercury methylation in contaminated freshwater sediments from the St. Lawrence River in Cornwall, Ontario, Canada","volume":"409","author":"L Avramescu M-","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1021\/es403849d","article-title":"Dissolved organic carbon thresholds affect mercury bioaccumulation in Arctic lakes","volume":"48","author":"TD French","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(96)00309-1","article-title":"Determination of organomercury compounds in aqueous samples by capillary gas chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry following solid-phase extraction","volume":"334","author":"Y Cai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/20016491089226","article-title":"Mercury in the aquatic environment: a review of factors affecting methylation","volume":"31","author":"S Ullrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"41","article-title":"Mercury in freshwater ecosystems of the Canadian Arctic: recent advances on its cycling and fate","volume":"509\u2013510","author":"J Ch\u00e9telat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit","author":"W Keller","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2003.48.6.2275","article-title":"Greedy algae reduce arsenate","volume":"48","author":"FL Hellweger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-007-9510-1","article-title":"Mercury partitioning in surface sediments of the Upper St. Lawrence River (Canada): evidence of the importance of the sulphur chemistry","volume":"187","author":"J Canario","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"221","article-title":"Metal ions in biological systems, Volume 43\u2014Biogeochemical cycles of elements","author":"NJ O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.12.047","article-title":"Hydrochemistry and mercury cycling in a high Arctic watershed","volume":"342","author":"RG Semkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4267","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.63.11.4267-4271.1997","article-title":"Effects of dissolved organic carbon and salinity on bioavailability of mercury","volume":"63","author":"T Barkay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6533","DOI":"10.1021\/es405558e","article-title":"Atmospheric Hg emissions from preindustrial gold and silver extraction in the Americas: a reevaluation from lake-sediment archives","volume":"48","author":"DR Engstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.50.2.498-502.1985","article-title":"Sulfate-reducing bacteria: principal methylators of mercury in anoxic estuarine sediment","volume":"50","author":"GC Compeau","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6645","DOI":"10.1021\/es300760e","article-title":"Divalent base cations hamper Hg II uptake","volume":"46","author":"V Daguen\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0150960","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T07:26:39Z","timestamp":1600413999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0150960"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Surajit","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0150960","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]}}}