{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:44:30Z","timestamp":1792622670752,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,21]],"date-time":"2016-05-21T19:16:48Z","timestamp":1463858208000},"page":"e0151829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":352,"title":["Bile Acids and Dysbiosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marialena","family":"Mouzaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bandsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena M.","family":"Comelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca M.","family":"Arendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra E.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian G.","family":"McGilvray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johane P.","family":"Allard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g4596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4596","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"349","author":"N Sattar","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.01.016","article-title":"From the metabolic syndrome to NAFLD or vice versa?","volume":"42","author":"E Vanni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Digestive and liver Disease"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.03.020","article-title":"Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008","volume":"9","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.039","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the second leading etiology of liver disease among adults awaiting liver transplantation in the United States","volume":"148","author":"RJ Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26494","article-title":"Microbiota\u2010liver axis in hepatic disease","volume":"59","author":"B Chassaing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.035","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view","volume":"148","author":"JC Clemente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5728","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110591","article-title":"Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora","volume":"308","author":"PB Eckburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"science"},{"issue":"5717","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104816","article-title":"Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine","volume":"307","author":"F B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2005","journal-title":"science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26319","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"58","author":"M Mouzaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.2.206","article-title":"The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal permeability, endotoxaemia, and tumour necrosis factor \u03b1 in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"48","author":"A Wigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26093","article-title":"Characterization of gut microbiomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: a connection between endogenous alcohol and NASH","volume":"57","author":"L Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiu002","article-title":"Altered gut microbial energy and metabolism in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"91","author":"S Michail","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS microbiology ecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R054114","article-title":"Intestinal transport and metabolism of bile acids","volume":"56","author":"PA Dawson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of lipid research"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"editors. Bile acid-mediated control of liver triglycerides","author":"C Fuchs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seminars in liver disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2002-0120","article-title":"Bile acids induce the expression of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 gene via activation of the farnesoid X receptor","volume":"17","author":"Torra Is Pineda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/27.11.1341","article-title":"Microbial bile acid transformation","volume":"27","author":"T Midtvedt","year":"1974","journal-title":"The American journal of clinical nutrition"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(99)75506-2","article-title":"Screening of lactic acid bacteria for bile salt hydrolase activity","volume":"82","author":"H Tanaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.09.003","article-title":"The interaction between bacteria and bile","volume":"29","author":"M Begley","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS microbiology reviews"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Altered Bile Acid Metabolome in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","author":"BC Ferslew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Digestive diseases and sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3282f4710a","article-title":"Bile acid levels are increased in the liver of patients with steatohepatitis","volume":"20","author":"MM Aranha","year":"2008","journal-title":"European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.03.006","article-title":"Plasma metabolomic profile in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"60","author":"SC Kalhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01377.x","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions","volume":"94","author":"EM Brunt","year":"1999","journal-title":"The American journal of gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24127","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score and the histopathologic diagnosis in NAFLD: distinct clinicopathologic meanings","volume":"53","author":"EM Brunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01288.x","article-title":"Measurement of serum 7\u03b1\u2010hydroxy\u20104\u2010cholesten\u20103\u2010one (or 7\u03b1C4), a surrogate test for bile acid malabsorption in health, ileal disease and irritable bowel syndrome using liquid chromatography\u2010tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"21","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology & Motility"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D600032-JLR200","article-title":"Highly sensitive quantification of 7\u03b1-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in human serum by LC-ESI-MS\/MS","volume":"48","author":"A Honda","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Lipid Research"},{"issue":"7285","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"J Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00671.x","article-title":"Comparative assessment of human and farm animal faecal microbiota using real-time quantitative PCR","volume":"68","author":"J-P Furet","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-123","article-title":"The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age","volume":"9","author":"D Mariat","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC microbiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812600106","article-title":"Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass","volume":"106","author":"H Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R900007-JLR200","article-title":"Bile acids as regulatory molecules","volume":"50","author":"PB Hylemon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.155","article-title":"Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss","volume":"32","author":"SH Duncan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"7122","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"RE Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7228","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07540","article-title":"A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins","volume":"457","author":"PJ Turnbaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)41123-X","article-title":"Serum concentration of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol as an indicator of bile acid synthesis in humans","volume":"36","author":"C Hahn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of lipid research"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.01.022","article-title":"Decreased hepatotoxic bile acid composition and altered synthesis in progressive human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"268","author":"AD Lake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology and applied pharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G440","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00322.2009","article-title":"The hepatic response to FGF19 is impaired in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance","volume":"298","author":"TC Schreuder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.03.019","article-title":"Preliminary evidence of a reduced serum level of fibroblast growth factor 19 in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"45","author":"F Eren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical biochemistry"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"ref38","first-page":"1089","article-title":"A decrease in fasting FGF19 levels is associated with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese adolescents","volume":"25","author":"M Wojcik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067160","article-title":"Association between serum atypical fibroblast growth factors 21 and 19 and pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"8","author":"A Alisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.004","article-title":"Increased hepatic synthesis and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism is associated with the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"15","author":"H-K Min","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr177","article-title":"Dose-response of five bile acids on serum and liver bile Acid concentrations and hepatotoxicty in mice","volume":"123","author":"P Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3028-3","article-title":"A possible role of chenodeoxycholic acid and glycine-conjugated bile acids in fibrotic steatohepatitis in a dietary rat model","volume":"59","author":"X Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Digestive diseases and sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2010.11.026","article-title":"Bile acids induce inflammatory genes in hepatocytes: a novel mechanism of inflammation during obstructive cholestasis","volume":"178","author":"K Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"The American journal of pathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(92)90156-E","article-title":"Comparative hepatotoxicity of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid in the rat: in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"61","author":"NM Delzenne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicology letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.01.007","article-title":"Bile acids induce hepatic stellate cell proliferation via activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor","volume":"128","author":"G Svegliati-Baroni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G906","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00043.2007","article-title":"Bile acids modulate tight junction structure and barrier function of Caco-2 monolayers via EGFR activation","volume":"294","author":"F Raimondi","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22848","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"49","author":"L Miele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.02.010","article-title":"Intestinal permeability is increased in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and correlates with liver disease severity","volume":"46","author":"V Giorgio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Digestive and Liver Disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)40615-7","article-title":"7alpha-Dehydroxylation of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid by Clostridium leptum","volume":"20","author":"E Stellwag","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of lipid research"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S243","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.10.S243","article-title":"Characterization of 7-\u03b1-dehydroxylase in Clostridium leptum","volume":"31","author":"E Stellwag","year":"1978","journal-title":"The American journal of clinical nutrition"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.034","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid exerts farnesoid X receptor-antagonistic effects on bile acid and lipid metabolism in morbid obesity","volume":"62","author":"M Mueller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of hepatology"},{"issue":"7122","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"PJ Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"nature"},{"issue":"7402","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","article-title":"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography","volume":"486","author":"T Yatsunenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6141","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237439","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237439","article-title":"The long-term stability of the human gut microbiota","volume":"341","author":"JJ Faith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.8","article-title":"Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms","volume":"6","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2012","journal-title":"The ISME journal"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0151829","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T08:21:12Z","timestamp":1656490872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0151829"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Aspichueta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0151829","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.726368596.793538888","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]}}}