{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:35:09Z","timestamp":1791999309379,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]],"date-time":"2016-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]],"date-time":"2016-03-29T22:14:19Z","timestamp":1459289659000},"page":"e0152163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["TLR3 Agonist Poly-IC Induces IL-33 and Promotes Myelin Repair"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chandramohan","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song-Yi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subramaniam","family":"Sriram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"40","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38105","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R300028200","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor Signaling","volume":"278","author":"S Akira","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.006","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity","volume":"34","author":"T Kawai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.12.005","article-title":"TLR signalling regulated antigen presentation in dendritic cells","volume":"22","author":"C Watts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.09.009","article-title":"Activation of NOD2\/RIPK2 pathway induces mitochondrial injury to oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro and CNS demyelination in vivo","volume":"265","author":"C Natarajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.12.006","article-title":"Discordant biological and toxicological species responses to TLR3 activation","volume":"184","author":"WM Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.7.4320","article-title":"TLR signaling tailors innate immune responses in human microglia and astrocytes","volume":"175","author":"CS Jack","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"63","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in CNS viral infections","volume":"336","author":"HS Suh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/61.11.1013","article-title":"Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system:The toll-like receptor TLR4 is necessary for lipopolysaccharide-induced oligodendrocyte injury in the CNS","volume":"61","author":"M Bsibsi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.10.8","article-title":"TLR3 agonists as immunotherapeutic agents","volume":"2","author":"CF Nicodemus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.966085","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvant uses of poly-IC and derivatives","volume":"14","author":"KA Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.11.7505","article-title":"Cutting Edge: TLR3 stimulation suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing endogenous IFN-beta","volume":"177","author":"T Touil","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141947","article-title":"IL-33 attenuates EAE by suppressing IL-17 and IFN-gamma production and inducing alternatively activated macrophages","volume":"42","author":"HR Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Expression of IL33 and its epigenetic regulation in Multiple Sclerosis","author":"F Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical and Tanslational Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3053","article-title":"Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"S David","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0406249","article-title":"Biochemical and functional characterization of three activated macrophage populations","volume":"80","author":"JP Edwards","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12705","article-title":"Macrophages and CNS remyelination","volume":"130","author":"VE Miron","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.013","article-title":"The glia-derived alarmin IL-33 orchestrates the immune response and promotes recovery following CNS injury","volume":"85","author":"SP Gadani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20248","article-title":"Lysolecithin induces demyelination in vitro in a cerebellar slice culture system","volume":"78","author":"E Birgbauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1085","article-title":"Macrophage depletion impairs oligodendrocyte remyelination following lysolecithin-induced demyelination","volume":"35","author":"MR Kotter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0312s03","article-title":"Purification of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors using immunomagnetic separation and Percoll gradient centrifugation","author":"RJ Colello","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Neurosci"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"A sterotaxic atlas of the rat brain","author":"LJ Pellagrino","year":"1979"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199910)181:1<160::AID-JCP17>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Regulation of myelin basic protein gene transcription by Sp1 and Puralpha: evidence for association of Sp1 and Puralpha in brain","volume":"181","author":"A Tretiakova","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000702","article-title":"Mechanism of endosomal TLR inhibition by antimalarial drugs and imidazoquinolines","volume":"186","author":"A Kuznik","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"33","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11011","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2546-10.2010","article-title":"Mechanisms of regulation of oligodendrocyte development by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase","volume":"30","author":"LJ Chew","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.149831","article-title":"The TLR and IL-1 signalling network at a glance","volume":"127","author":"P Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20567","article-title":"p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for central nervous system myelination","volume":"55","author":"G Fragoso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22767","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 2 and 3 agonists differentially affect oligodendrocyte survival, differentiation, and myelin membrane formation","volume":"90","author":"M Bsibsi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.015","article-title":"IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines","volume":"23","author":"J Schmitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1012512","article-title":"Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair","volume":"93","author":"ML Novak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4106","article-title":"Harnessing monocyte-derived macrophages to control central nervous system pathologies: no longer &apos;if&apos; but &apos;how&apos;","volume":"229","author":"R Shechter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303108","article-title":"Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid has therapeutic effects against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury through the downregulation of TLR4 signaling via TLR3","volume":"192","author":"PF Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2692","article-title":"Disease-associated functions of IL-33: the new kid in the IL-1 family","volume":"10","author":"FY Liew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.53","article-title":"Interleukin-33 biology with potential insights into human diseases","volume":"7","author":"G Palmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3331","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003331","article-title":"The IL-1-like cytokine IL-33 is constitutively expressed in the nucleus of endothelial cells and epithelial cells in vivo: a novel &apos;alarmin&apos;?","volume":"3","author":"C Moussion","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110079","article-title":"Trefoil factor 2 rapidly induces interleukin 33 to promote type 2 immunity during allergic asthma and hookworm infection","volume":"209","author":"M Wills-Karp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003020","article-title":"The danger signal, extracellular ATP, is a sensor for an airborne allergen and triggers IL-33 release and innate Th2-type responses","volume":"186","author":"H Kouzaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7500","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13085","article-title":"Nucleotide signalling during inflammation","volume":"509","author":"M Idzko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1207830","article-title":"Induction of IL-33 expression and activity in central nervous system glia","volume":"84","author":"CA Hudson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2660","article-title":"The IL-33\/ST2 pathway: therapeutic target and novel biomarker","volume":"7","author":"R Kakkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-012-8283-9","article-title":"IL-33\/ST2 axis in inflammation and immunopathology","volume":"52","author":"M Milovanovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1418-z","article-title":"Induction of endogenous Type I interferon within the central nervous system plays a protective role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"130","author":"R Khorooshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.08.017","article-title":"Promoting myelin repair and return of function in multiple sclerosis","volume":"585","author":"J Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.051086","article-title":"Continued administration of ciliary neurotrophic factor protects mice from inflammatory pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"169","author":"T Kuhlmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.08.007","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of LIF in multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"H Slaets","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20646","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor signaling modulates both central nervous system demyelination and myelin repair","volume":"56","author":"MP Marriott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.4.494","article-title":"Preliminary trial of poly ICLC in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"CT Bever Jr","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref47","first-page":"544","article-title":"A preliminary trial of poly(I,C)-LC in multiple sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"DE McFarlin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Biol Response Mod"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1981.00510060084018","article-title":"Poly ICLC in the treatment of postinfectious demyelinating encephalomyelitis","volume":"38","author":"AM Salazar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0152163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T04:56:17Z","timestamp":1540356977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0152163"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Robert Shin","family":"Fujinami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0152163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]}}}