{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:02:47Z","timestamp":1791331367727,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]],"date-time":"2016-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helsinki Biomedical Graduate School"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["137389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["137389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["141140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1272870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1272870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]],"date-time":"2016-04-25T13:33:41Z","timestamp":1461591221000},"page":"e0154012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Intake Modifies Preschool Children\u2019s Intestinal Microbiota, Alleviates Penicillin-Associated Changes, and Reduces Antibiotic Use"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Katri","family":"Korpela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Salonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauri J.","family":"Virta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minna","family":"Kumpu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riina A.","family":"Kekkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem M.","family":"de Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2879","article-title":"Trends of outpatient prescription drug utilization in US children, 2002\u20132010","volume":"130","author":"G Chai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004827.pub3","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"11","author":"BC Johnston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/476393a","article-title":"Stop the killing of beneficial bacteria","volume":"476","author":"M Blaser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.3.5.563","article-title":"Anti biotic-associated diarrhea: Epidemiology, trends and treatment","volume":"3","author":"LV McFarland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Microbiology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5588","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5588-5592.2005","article-title":"Resilience of the dominant human fecal microbiota upon short-course antibiotic challenge","volume":"43","author":"MF De La Cochetiere","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060280","article-title":"The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing","volume":"6","author":"L Dethlefsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plos Biology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009836","article-title":"Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome","volume":"5","author":"HE Jakobsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.040618-0","article-title":"Long-term impacts of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota","volume":"156","author":"C Jernberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology-Sgm"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4726","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00319-08","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced perturbations of the intestinal microbiota alter host susceptibility to enteric infection","volume":"76","author":"I Sekirov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01520-08","article-title":"Reproducible community dynamics of the gastrointestinal microbiota following antibiotic perturbation","volume":"77","author":"DA Antonopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01664-10","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic treatment on the intestinal metabolome","volume":"55","author":"LCM Antunes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72333","article-title":"Antibiotics and the gut microbiota","volume":"124","author":"SR Modi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11400","article-title":"Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity","volume":"488","author":"I Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.052","article-title":"Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences","volume":"158","author":"LM Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.1.30-38.2005","article-title":"Development of allergic airway disease in mice following antibiotic therapy and fungal microbiota increase: Role of host genetics, antigen, and interleukin-13","volume":"73","author":"MC Noverr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.32","article-title":"Early life antibiotic-driven changes in microbiota enhance susceptibility to allergic asthma","volume":"13","author":"SL Russell","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9074","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009074","article-title":"Vancomycin treatment of infective endocarditis is linked with recently acquired obesity","volume":"5","author":"F Thuny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.27","article-title":"Childhood overweight after establishment of the gut microbiota: The role of delivery mode, pre-pregnancy weight and early administration of antibiotics","volume":"35","author":"TA Ajslev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.132","article-title":"Infant antibiotic exposures and early-life body mass","volume":"37","author":"L Trasande","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g2267","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2267","article-title":"The impact of antibiotics on growth in children in low and middle income countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"348","author":"EK Gough","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ: British Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00105010","article-title":"Infant antibiotic use and wheeze and asthma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"J Penders","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"C Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2011.02.006","article-title":"Probiotics and health: An evidence-based review","volume":"63","author":"P Aureli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-011-0229-7","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: The impact of probiotics","volume":"6","author":"J Gerritsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes and Nutrition"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2005.02.003","article-title":"Probiotic and other functional microbes: From markets to mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"M Saxelin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04665.x","article-title":"Meta\u2010analysis: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for abdominal pain\u2010related functional gastrointestinal disorders in childhood","volume":"33","author":"A Horvath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1K110","article-title":"Probiotics for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: Focus on lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and saccharomyces boulardii","volume":"41","author":"M Segarra-Newnham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04837.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: The effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation for the prevention of healthcare-associated diarrhoea in children","volume":"34","author":"H Szajewska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000087637","article-title":"Is lactobacillus rhamnosus GG effective in preventing the onset of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"JA Hawrelak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03282.x","article-title":"Meta\u2010analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute diarrhoea in children","volume":"25","author":"H Szajewska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dst006","article-title":"Robustness of gut microbiota of healthy adults in response to probiotic intervention revealed by high-throughput pyrosequencing","volume":"20","author":"SW Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"DNA Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.32","article-title":"Associations between the human intestinal microbiota, lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and serum lipids indicated by integrated analysis of high-throughput profiling data","volume":"1","author":"L Lahti","year":"2013","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17193","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908876106","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis of lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reveals pili containing a human- mucus binding protein","volume":"106","author":"M Kankainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2297","article-title":"Host interactions of probiotic bacterial surface molecules: Comparison with commensals and pathogens","volume":"8","author":"S Lebeer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.04.004","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on the composition of the intestinal microbiota following antibiotic therapy","volume":"26","author":"SF Plummer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2006.00112.x","article-title":"Analysis of treatment effects on the microbial ecology of the human intestine","volume":"57","author":"AL Engelbrektson","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.62","article-title":"Milk containing probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and respiratory illness in children: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"M Kumpu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.04018.x","article-title":"Quantitative strain-specific detection of lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in human faecal samples by real-time PCR","volume":"106","author":"T Ahlroos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.01900.x","article-title":"Development and application of the human intestinal tract chip, a phylogenetic microarray: Analysis of universally conserved phylotypes in the abundant microbiota of young and elderly adults","volume":"11","author":"M Rajilic-Stojanovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt229","article-title":"A fully scalable online pre-processing algorithm for short oligonucleotide microarray atlases","volume":"41","author":"L Lahti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"R Core Team (2012) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O\u2019Hara R, et al. (2013) Vegan: Community ecology package. R package version 2.0\u20136. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=vegan\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=vegan<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","article-title":"Modern applied Statistics with S","author":"W Venables","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, the R Development Core Team (2013) Nlme: Linear and Nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1\u2013108."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3294-8","article-title":"Modeling survival data: Extending the cox model","author":"TM Therneau","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135414","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins","volume":"71","author":"CR Raetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01514.x","article-title":"Diversity, metabolism and microbial ecology of butyrate\u2010producing bacteria from the human large intestine","volume":"294","author":"P Louis","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00008-07","article-title":"Bacteroides: The good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty","volume":"20","author":"HM Wexler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02315.x","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota and immunoglobulin E responses in 5\u2010year\u2010old estonian children","volume":"35","author":"E Sepp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical & Experimental Allergy"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-46","article-title":"Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: A case-control study","volume":"11","author":"M Murri","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3274-0","article-title":"Aberrant gut microbiota composition at the onset of type 1 diabetes in young children","volume":"57","author":"MC de Goffau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.178","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota composition and weight development in children: The KOALA birth cohort study","volume":"39","author":"L Scheepers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"54","article-title":"Bacteroides ovatus as the predominant commensal intestinal microbe causing a systemic antibody response in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"S Saitoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0526","article-title":"Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with beta-cell autoimmunity and those without","volume":"62","author":"MC de Goffau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549509019011","article-title":"Association of bacteroides fragilis with childhood diarrhea","volume":"27","author":"VH San Joaquin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303013","article-title":"Anal gas evacuation and colonic microbiota in patients with flatulence: Effect of diet","volume":"63","author":"C Manichanh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T11:15:47Z","timestamp":1540293347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154012"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nerges","family":"Mistry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]}}}