{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:22:58Z","timestamp":1788913378318,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]],"date-time":"2016-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Curry School of Education"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH- RR00847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH- RR00847"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]],"date-time":"2016-04-25T13:28:24Z","timestamp":1461590904000},"page":"e0154063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Exercise Intensity Modulates Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion when Adjusted for Adipose, Liver and Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Steven K.","family":"Malin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey A.","family":"Rynders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy Y.","family":"Weltman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene J.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Weltman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9833","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60283-9","article-title":"Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development","volume":"379","author":"AG Tabak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"ref2","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Standards of medical care in diabetes-2015: summary of revisions","volume":"38","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3185","article-title":"Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance have distinct lipoprotein and apolipoprotein changes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study","volume":"98","author":"C Lorenzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-009-0032-7","article-title":"Pathophysiology of prediabetes. Current diabetes report","volume":"9","author":"MA Abdul-Ghani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pathophysiology of prediabetes. Current diabetes report"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0246","article-title":"Preservation of \u00df-cell function: the key to diabetes prevention","volume":"96","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","first-page":"E155","article-title":"Insulin secretory capacity in endurance-trained and untrained young men","volume":"259","author":"DS King","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0032","article-title":"Effects of exercise training intensity on pancreatic beta-cell function","volume":"32","author":"CA Slentz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1024","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00056.2004","article-title":"Physical training may enhance beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes","volume":"287","author":"F Dela","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1734","article-title":"Short-term exercise improves beta-cell function and insulin resistance in older people with impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"93","author":"C Bloem","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.42.11.1663","article-title":"Quantification of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function","volume":"42","author":"SE Kahn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1478","article-title":"Oral disposition index predicts the development of future diabetes above and beyond fasting and 2-h glucose levels","volume":"32","author":"KM Utzschneider","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1519","article-title":"Muscle and liver insulin resistance indexes derived from the oral glucose tolerance test","volume":"30","author":"MA Abdul-Ghani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070134","article-title":"Improved insulin sensitivity after a single bout of exercise is curvilinearly related to exercise energy expenditure","volume":"114","author":"F Magkos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1221","article-title":"Skeletal muscle triglycerides, diacylglycerols, and ceramides in insulin resistance: another paradox in endurance-trained athletes?","volume":"60","author":"F Amati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.965434","article-title":"Low-dose physical activity attenuates cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women with clustered metabolic risk factors","volume":"5","author":"M Hamer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1248","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00260.2013","article-title":"Pancreatic beta cell function increases in a linear dose-response manner following exercise training in adults with prediabetes","volume":"305","author":"SK Malin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1001\/2012.jama.10762","article-title":"Exercise dose and diabetes risk in overweight and obese children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"308","author":"C Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12114","article-title":"The immediate effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise on oral glucose tolerance across the glucose tolerance continuum","volume":"2","author":"S Knudsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiological Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2687","article-title":"Effects of exercise intensity on postprandial improvement in glucose disposal and insulin sensitivity in prediabetic adults","volume":"99","author":"CA Rynders","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181801d40","article-title":"Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition","volume":"40","author":"BA Irving","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0925","article-title":"Independent and Combined Effects of Exercise Training and Metformin on Insulin Sensitivity in Individuals With Prediabetes","volume":"35","author":"SK Malin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.02.074","article-title":"Simvastatin impairs exercise training adaptations","volume":"62","author":"CR Mikus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12413","article-title":"Effects of acute exercise on pancreatic endocrine function in subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"SH Knudsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.169078","article-title":"Impact of short-term high-fat feeding on glucose and insulin metabolism in young healthy men","volume":"587","author":"C Brons","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.184028","article-title":"The disposition index: adjustment for peripheral vs. hepatic insulin sensitivity?","volume":"588","author":"K Faerch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E954","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00076.2005","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity by oral glucose minimal models: validation against clamp","volume":"289","author":"C Dalla Man","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.41.3.368","article-title":"Estimation of insulin secretion rates from C-peptide levels. Comparison of individual and standard kinetic parameters for C-peptide clearance","volume":"41","author":"E Van Cauter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E822","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00269.2014","article-title":"Determining pancreatic beta-cell compensation for changing insulin sensitivity using an oral glucose tolerance test","volume":"307","author":"TP Solomon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00421.2006","article-title":"Assessment of beta-cell function in humans, simultaneously with insulin sensitivity and hepatic extraction, from intravenous and oral glucose tests","volume":"293","author":"C Cobelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-011-0285-x","article-title":"Impaired early- but not late-phase insulin secretion in subjects with impaired fasting glucose","volume":"48","author":"M Kanat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-39051","article-title":"Post-exercise increase of lipid oxidation after a moderate exercise bout in untrained healthy obese men","volume":"35","author":"F Marion-Latard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01312.2005","article-title":"Growth hormone response to graded exercise intensities is attenuated and the gender difference abolished in older adults","volume":"100","author":"A Weltman","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1991.tb09205.x","article-title":"Effect of exercise on recovery changes in plasma levels of FFA, glycerol, glucose and catecholamines","volume":"143","author":"R Bahr","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00445.2002","article-title":"Epinephrine inhibits insulin-stimulated muscle glucose transport","volume":"93","author":"DG Hunt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S271","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.2007.S271","article-title":"Intense exercise has unique effects on both insulin release and its roles in glucoregulation: implications for diabetes","volume":"51","author":"EB Marliss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.031179","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fat and carbohydrate metabolism during recovery from glycogen-depleting exercise in humans","volume":"548","author":"NE Kimber","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9709","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09709","article-title":"Acute exercise does not decrease liver fat in men with overweight or NAFLD","volume":"5","author":"L Bilet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0009","article-title":"Causes and metabolic consequences of Fatty liver","volume":"29","author":"N Stefan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070865","article-title":"The effect of aerobic exercise on intrahepatocellular and intramyocellular lipids in healthy subjects","volume":"8","author":"A Egger","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00012.2005","article-title":"Skeletal muscle glucose uptake during exercise: how is it regulated?","volume":"20","author":"AJ Rose","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref41","first-page":"E471","article-title":"Enhanced muscle glucose metabolism after exercise in the rat: the two phases","volume":"246","author":"LP Garetto","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref42","first-page":"E476","article-title":"Enhanced muscle glucose metabolism after exercise: modulation by local factors","volume":"246","author":"EA Richter","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1139\/H07-126","article-title":"Effect of timing of energy and carbohydrate replacement on post-exercise insulin action","volume":"32","author":"BR Stephens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2021","article-title":"Improved pancreatic beta-cell function in type 2 diabetic patients after lifestyle-induced weight loss is related to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide","volume":"33","author":"TPJ Solomon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7475","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.131192998","article-title":"Evidence for a circulating islet cell growth factor in insulin-resistant states","volume":"98","author":"SN Flier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.12.2126","article-title":"A model to explore the interaction between muscle insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in the development of type 2 diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Jarvis F Mauvais","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31785","article-title":"Abnormal glucose homeostasis in skeletal muscle-specific PGC-1alpha knockout mice reveals skeletal muscle-pancreatic beta cell crosstalk","volume":"117","author":"C Handschin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.441","article-title":"Decrease in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion with aging is independent of insulin action","volume":"53","author":"R Muzumdar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.1.7","article-title":"Banting lecture 2001: dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the etiology of type 2 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"JD McGarry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.08.006","article-title":"Glucolipotoxicity of the pancreatic beta cell","volume":"1801","author":"V Poitout","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30566","article-title":"Acute exercise increases triglyceride synthesis in skeletal muscle and prevents fatty acid-induced insulin resistance","volume":"117","author":"S Schenk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.11.2867","article-title":"Impact of intra-abdominal fat and age on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function","volume":"53","author":"KM Utzschneider","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref53","first-page":"E255","article-title":"Splanchnic glucose and muscle glycogen metabolism after glucose feeding during postexercise recovery","volume":"235","author":"S Maehlum","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E766","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.4.E766","article-title":"Effect of prior exercise on glucose metabolism in trained men","volume":"1","author":"AJ Rose","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-3011","article-title":"Adjusting Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion for Adipose Insulin Resistance: An Index of \u03b2-Cell Function in Obese Adults","volume":"37","author":"SK Malin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref56","first-page":"E380","article-title":"Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration","volume":"265","author":"JA Romijn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.2.445","article-title":"Factors controlling fat mobilization from human subcutaneous adipose tissue during exercise","volume":"71","author":"V Hodgetts","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E981","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4369","article-title":"Pancreatic metabolism, blood flow, and \u00df-cell function in obese humans","volume":"99","author":"H Honka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154063","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T20:55:46Z","timestamp":1567803346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154063"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Philp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]}}}