{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:17:01Z","timestamp":1785208621704,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]],"date-time":"2016-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]],"date-time":"2016-05-26T17:39:29Z","timestamp":1464284369000},"page":"e0154816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Molecular Analysis of Rising Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Belgian Non-Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates (1995-2014)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pieter-Jan","family":"Ceyssens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Van Bambeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Mattheus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Fux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddie","family":"Van Bossuyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Dam\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry-Jean","family":"Nyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"De Craeye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Verhaegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The Belgian Streptococcus pneumoniae Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Tulkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Vanhoof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.2005.25.9.1193","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae: description of the pathogen, disease epidemiology, treatment, and prevention","volume":"25","author":"AE Bridy-Pappas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03182.x","article-title":"Changes in antimicrobial resistance, serotypes and genotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae over a 30-year period","volume":"16","author":"J Li\u00f1ares","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.02.002","article-title":"Association between fluoroquinolone usage and a dramatic rise in ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada, 1997\u20132006","volume":"3","author":"HJ Adam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200262010-00002","article-title":"A critical review of the fluoroquinolones: focus on respiratory infections","volume":"62","author":"GG Zhanel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199958002-00002","article-title":"Mode of action of fluoroquinolones","volume":"58","author":"DC Hooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.12.2760","article-title":"High-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae requires mutations in parC and gyrA","volume":"40","author":"C Janoir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.2.329","article-title":"Activities of newer fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates including those with mutations in the gyrA, parC, and parE loci","volume":"43","author":"JH Jorgensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.2.462-466.2000","article-title":"Prevalence of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE mutations in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibilities to different fluoroquinolones and originating from Worldwide Surveillance Studies during the 1997\u20131998 respiratory season","volume":"44","author":"ME Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-9-3","article-title":"Characterization of the quinolone resistant determining regions in clinical isolates of pneumococci collected in Canada","volume":"9","author":"SN Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.2.522-524.2002","article-title":"Selection of Streptococcus pneumoniae mutants having reduced susceptibility to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin","volume":"46","author":"X Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3954-3958.2004","article-title":"Mutant prevention concentrations for single-step fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants of wild-type, efflux-positive, or ParC or GyrA mutation-containing Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates","volume":"48","author":"HJ Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq485","article-title":"Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE gene loci in viridans group streptococci isolated from adult patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"66","author":"Y Maeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.310-317.2006","article-title":"Quinolone efflux pumps play a central role in emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"50","author":"NL Jumbe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.1.187","article-title":"Identification of an efflux pump gene, pmrA, associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"43","author":"MJ Gill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.808-812.2002","article-title":"Expression of efflux pump gene pmrA in fluoroquinolone-resistant and -susceptible clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"46","author":"LJ Piddock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00672-10","article-title":"Overexpression of patA and patB, which encode ABC transporters, is associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"55","author":"MI Garvey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01644-07","article-title":"The efflux pump inhibitor reserpine selects multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains that overexpress the ABC transporters PatA and PatB","volume":"52","author":"MI Garvey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq287","article-title":"Fluoroquinolones induce the expression of patA and patB, which encode ABC efflux pumps in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"65","author":"F El Garch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm292","article-title":"Selection of quinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae exposed in vitro to subinhibitory drug concentrations","volume":"60","author":"L Avrain","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.11.4781-4783.2005","article-title":"Use of an efflux-deficient streptococcus pneumoniae strain panel to identify ABC-class multidrug transporters involved in intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial agents","volume":"49","author":"GT Robertson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04858-14","article-title":"A novel gene amplification causes upregulation of the PatAB ABC transporter and fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"59","author":"AJ Baylay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku449","article-title":"Clinically relevant fluoroquinolone resistance due to constitutive overexpression of the PatAB ABC transporter in Streptococcus pneumoniae is conferred by disruption of a transcriptional attenuator","volume":"70","author":"AJ Baylay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv060","article-title":"Multiple mutations and increased RNA expression in tetracycline-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae as determined by genome-wide DNA and mRNA sequencing","volume":"70","author":"A Lupien","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00418-13","article-title":"Genomic characterization of ciprofloxacin resistance in a laboratory-derived mutant and a clinical isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"57","author":"A Lupien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60273","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060273","article-title":"Estimating the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic techniques","volume":"8","author":"MA Said","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.3.592-596.1996","article-title":"Combinational detection of autolysin and penicillin-binding protein 2B genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae by PCR","volume":"34","author":"K Ubukata","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20390","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020390","article-title":"Population structure of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in The Netherlands in the pre-vaccination era assessed by MLVA and capsular sequence typing","volume":"6","author":"KE Elberse","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00334-X","article-title":"Susceptibility of Canadian isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae to oral antimicrobial agents","volume":"17","author":"JM Blondeau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.02.004","article-title":"Comparative pharmacodynamics of the new fluoroquinolone ABT492 and levofloxacin with Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro dynamic model","volume":"25","author":"AA Firsov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"87","article-title":"A-Z of quantitative PCR","author":"MW Pfaffl","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2014022","DOI":"10.4178\/epih\/e2014022","article-title":"Efflux-mediated resistance identified among norfloxacin resistant clinical strains of group B Streptococcus from South Korea","volume":"36","author":"TN Dang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.5.1404-1406.2000","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of a multidrug efflux transporter distinct from NorA in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"44","author":"GW Kaatz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.2.225","article-title":"Activity of linezolid against multi-resistant gram-positive bacteria from diverse hospitals in the United Kingdom","volume":"45","author":"AP Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.5.675","article-title":"In vitro activity of linezolid and 11 other antimicrobials against 566 clinical isolates and comparison between NCCLS microdilution and Etest methods","volume":"47","author":"F Tubau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00957-14","article-title":"Comparison of commercial antimicrobial susceptibility test methods for testing of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococci against vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid","volume":"52","author":"S Riedel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7755","DOI":"10.1021\/bi300762p","article-title":"PatA and PatB form a functional heterodimeric ABC multidrug efflux transporter responsible for the resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones","volume":"51","author":"E Boncoeur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600636103","article-title":"Upgrading antibiotic use within a class: tradeoff between resistance and treatment success","volume":"103","author":"YC Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks537","article-title":"Comparative antibacterial effects of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin on Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with defined mechanisms of resistance: impact of bacterial inoculum","volume":"68","author":"KE Bowker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks262","article-title":"Identification of a novel resistance mutation in parE that confers high-level resistance to moxifloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"67","author":"G Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv134","article-title":"Insights into the evolutionary trajectories of fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"70","author":"G Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106340","article-title":"Overexpression of the novel MATE fluoroquinolone efflux pump FepA in Listeria monocytogenes is driven by inactivation of its local repressor FepR","volume":"9","author":"F Gu\u00e9rin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02080-12","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of chromosomally determined qnr and related proteins","volume":"57","author":"GA Jacoby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01298-12","article-title":"Functional analysis of pneumococcal drug efflux pumps associates the MATE DinF transporter with quinolone susceptibility","volume":"57","author":"N Tocci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.269-278.2006","article-title":"Global transcriptome analysis of the responses of a fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae mutant and its parent to ciprofloxacin","volume":"50","author":"E Marrer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154816","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T18:00:06Z","timestamp":1656612006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154816"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Eliane Namie","family":"Miyaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154816","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]}}}