{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:27:22Z","timestamp":1787506042506,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]],"date-time":"2016-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T00:19:30Z","timestamp":1463703570000},"page":"e0155858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Predicting Mortality in Low-Income Country ICUs: The Rwanda Mortality Probability Model (R-MPM)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9443-3928","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisabeth D.","family":"Riviello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy","family":"Kiviri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Novack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie M.","family":"Banner-Goodspeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia L.","family":"Weinkauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Talmor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theogene","family":"Twagirumugabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f96f81","article-title":"Severity of illness scoring systems in the intensive care unit","volume":"39","author":"MT Keegan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198108000-00008","article-title":"APACHE-acute physiology and chronic health evaluation: a physiologically based classification system","volume":"9","author":"WA Knaus","year":"1981","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828a24fe","article-title":"A new severity of illness scale using a subset of Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation data elements shows comparable predictive accuracy","volume":"41","author":"AE Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000215112.84523.F0","article-title":"Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV: hospital mortality assessment for today&apos;s critically ill patients","volume":"34","author":"JE Zimmerman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819ded31","article-title":"Prospective validation of the intensive care unit admission Mortality Probability Model (MPM0-III)","volume":"37","author":"TL Higgins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000257337.63529.9F","article-title":"Assessing contemporary intensive care unit outcome: an updated Mortality Probability Admission Model (MPM0-III)","volume":"35","author":"TL Higgins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000216702.94014.75","article-title":"Recalibration of risk prediction models in a large multicenter cohort of admissions to adult, general critical care units in the United Kingdom","volume":"34","author":"DA Harrison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2762-6","article-title":"SAPS 3\u2014From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 1: Objectives, methods and cohort description","volume":"31","author":"PG Metnitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2528-6","article-title":"Use of the sequential organ failure assessment score as a severity score","volume":"31","author":"AC Kajdacsy-Balla Amaral","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199510000-00007","article-title":"Multiple organ dysfunction score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome","volume":"23","author":"JC Marshall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200111000-00002","article-title":"Multiple organ dysfunction: baseline and serial component scores","volume":"29","author":"R Cook","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000259468.24532.44","article-title":"A new risk prediction model for critical care: the Intensive Care National Audit &amp; Research Centre (ICNARC) model","volume":"35","author":"DA Harrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2763-5","article-title":"SAPS 3\u2014From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2: Development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission","volume":"31","author":"RP Moreno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2013.07.058","article-title":"Risk prediction of hospital mortality for adult patients admitted to Australian and New Zealand intensive care units: development and validation of the Australian and New Zealand Risk of Death model","volume":"28","author":"E Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of critical care"},{"issue":"9749","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60446-1","article-title":"Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults","volume":"376","author":"NK Adhikari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318206d6d5","article-title":"Critical care in resource-poor settings: lessons learned and future directions","volume":"39","author":"ED Riviello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"The World Bank. Country and Lending Groups 2014 [cited 2014 July 8]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/about\/country-and-lending-groups\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/about\/country-and-lending-groups<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0330","article-title":"Severity scoring in the critically ill: part 1\u2014interpretation and accuracy of outcome prediction scoring systems","volume":"141","author":"MJ Breslow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-475","article-title":"National intensive care unit bed capacity and ICU patient characteristics in a low income country","volume":"5","author":"A Kwizera","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050618","article-title":"The Apache III prognostic system: customized mortality predictions for Spanish ICU patients","volume":"24","author":"R Rivera-Fernandez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00255604","article-title":"A clinical sickness score for the critically ill in Central Africa","volume":"15","author":"DA Watters","year":"1989","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"9453","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17667-8","article-title":"Septic shock","volume":"365","author":"D Annane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B","article-title":"2001 SCCM\/ESICM\/ACCP\/ATS\/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference","volume":"31","author":"MM Levy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000149131.72248.E6","article-title":"International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics","volume":"6","author":"B Goldstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref25","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition","volume":"307","author":"VM Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0617","article-title":"Comparison of the SpO2\/FIO2 ratio and the PaO2\/FIO2 ratio in patients with acute lung injury or ARDS","volume":"132","author":"TW Rice","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Clinical Classifications Software (CCS) for ICD-9-CM 2014 [cited 2014 July 9]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/ccs\/ccs.jsp\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/ccs\/ccs.jsp<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of biomedical informatics"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f65","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f65","article-title":"Reduced premature mortality in Rwanda: lessons from success","volume":"346","author":"PE Farmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2164","article-title":"Comparison of APACHE III, APACHE IV, SAPS 3, and MPM0III and influence of resuscitation status on model performance","volume":"142","author":"MT Keegan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref31","first-page":"446","article-title":"Severity assessment by APACHE III system in Spain","volume":"117","author":"G Vazquez Mata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicina clinica"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000732","article-title":"The Pitfalls of Benchmarking ICUs*","volume":"43","author":"DW de Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-3061","article-title":"Variation in ICU risk-adjusted mortality: impact of methods of assessment and potential confounders","volume":"133","author":"MW Kuzniewicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198507000-00001","article-title":"A method for predicting survival and mortality of ICU patients using objectively derived weights","volume":"13","author":"S Lemeshow","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0155858","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T22:52:10Z","timestamp":1540335130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0155858"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Lazzeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0155858","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]}}}