{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:36:57Z","timestamp":1792024617788,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]],"date-time":"2016-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministries of Health of Malawi and Uganda"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]],"date-time":"2016-06-03T13:57:13Z","timestamp":1464962233000},"page":"e0156674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Cross-Border Cholera Outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Mystery behind the Silent Illness: What Needs to Be Done?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8376-2857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Godfrey","family":"Bwire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Mwesawina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosia","family":"Baluku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setiala S. E.","family":"Kanyanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Garimoi","family":"Orach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/146642400212200209","article-title":"Cholera: a continuous epidemic in Africa","volume":"122","author":"A Naidoo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J R Soc Promot Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.705","article-title":"Cholera: A new homeland in Africa?","volume":"77","author":"NH Gaffga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5929","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173890","article-title":"Public health. The cholera crisis in Africa","volume":"324","author":"S Bhattacharya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1802.111535","article-title":"Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present","author":"IN Okeke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"117","article-title":"Cholera outbreaks in Africa","author":"MA Mengel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90673-D","article-title":"Cholera in Africa: lessons on transmission and control for Latin America","volume":"338","author":"RI Glass","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173890","article-title":"Public health. The cholera crisis in Africa","volume":"324","author":"S Bhattacharya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"13","article-title":"Cholera: mechanism for control and prevention","volume":"7","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Heal Organ"},{"issue":"9404","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15328-7","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"363","author":"DA Sack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9835","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60436-X","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"379","author":"JB Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.093427","article-title":"The global burden of cholera","author":"M Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003832","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003832","article-title":"Updated Global Burden of Cholera in Endemic Countries","volume":"9","author":"M Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90512-X","article-title":"Epidemiological features of epidemic cholera (El Tor) in Zimbabwe","volume":"90","author":"M Bradley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"WHO. IHR News 20 Dec 2013 IHR Implementation. IHR News. 2013;(Dec)."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2013.0032","article-title":"IDSR as a platform for implementing IHR in African countries","volume":"11","author":"F Kasolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosecur Bioterror"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.3506","article-title":"Cholera outbreaks in Malawi in 1998\u20132012: Social and cultural challenges in prevention and control","volume":"8","author":"KP Msyamboza","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru077","article-title":"Cholera in Africa: new momentum in fighting an old problem","volume":"108","author":"MA Mengel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"WHO. Cholera Situation in the WHO African Region as of 03 June 2013 [Internet]. 2013. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/pt\/grupos-organicos-e-programas\/ddc\/alerta-e-resposta-epidemias-e-pandemias\/3852-cholera-situation-in-the-who-african-region-as-of-03-june-2013.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/pt\/grupos-organicos-e-programas\/ddc\/alerta-e-resposta-epidemias-e-pandemias\/3852-cholera-situation-in-the-who-african-region-as-of-03-june-2013.html<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"WHO. WHO position paper. 2010;(March). Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/cholera_PP_slides_20_Mar_2010.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/cholera_PP_slides_20_Mar_2010.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"WHO, CDC. Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillannce and Response in the African Region. 2010;1\u2013416. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/globalhealth\/healthprotection\/idsr\/pdf\/technicalguidelines\/idsr-technical-guidelines-2nd-edition_2010_english.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/globalhealth\/healthprotection\/idsr\/pdf\/technicalguidelines\/idsr-technical-guidelines-2nd-edition_2010_english.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"WHO. Oral Cholera Vaccine stockpile for cholera emergency response [Internet]. 2013. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/cholera\/vaccines\/Briefing_OCV_stockpile.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/cholera\/vaccines\/Briefing_OCV_stockpile.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing the International Spreading Risk Associated with the 2014 West African Ebola Outbreak","author":"MFC Gomes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Curr Outbreaks"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"International Health Regulations","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Coalition for Cholera Prevention and Control. Comprehensive Integrated Strategy for Prevention and Control of Cholera. 2013;(August). Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.taskforce.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Cholera_Strategic_Framework_Final_08_27_2013.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.taskforce.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Cholera_Strategic_Framework_Final_08_27_2013.pdf<\/ext-link>"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0156674","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T08:08:05Z","timestamp":1589011685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0156674"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David O.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0156674","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]]}}}