{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T02:20:53Z","timestamp":1773109253719,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]],"date-time":"2016-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]],"date-time":"2016-06-20T17:32:29Z","timestamp":1466443949000},"page":"e0157511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Black Pete through the Eyes of Dutch Children"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Judi","family":"Mesman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenny","family":"van Rosmalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Dit zijn wij. De honderd belangrijkste tradities van Nederland. [This is us. The hundred most important traditions of the Netherlands]","author":"I Strouken","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nieuw licht op Zwarte Piet. Een kunsthistorisch antwoord op de vraag naar de herkomst van Zwarte Piet. [New light on Black Pete. An art-historical answer to the question about the origins of Black Pete]","volume":"19","author":"E Boer-Dirks","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"31","article-title":"Opstellen voor Willem Frijhoff","author":"J Helsloot","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Sint Nicolaas en zijn knecht. [Saint Nicholas and his servant]","author":"J Schenkman","year":"1850"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Margry PJ. Deskundigenverklaring inzake \u201cZwarte Piet\u201d. [Expert witness statement about Black Pete]. 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/bureaubrandeis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Productie-3-deskundigenverklaring-P.J.-Margry.pdf?1d13cc\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/bureaubrandeis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Productie-3-deskundigenverklaring-P.J.-Margry.pdf?1d13cc<\/ext-link>. Dutch."},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Van Nicolaas van Myra tot Sinterklaas: de kracht van een verhaal. [From Nicholas of Myra to Sinterklaas: the power of a story].","author":"R Ghesquire","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Sinterklaas verklaard","author":"E Boer","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Zwarte Sinterklazen. Over Pieten en ander heidens volk. [Black Santa Clauses. About Petes and other heathen folk].","author":"AJ Scheer","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Geen twijfel: Zwarte Piet stamt af van kindslaven. [No doubt: Black Pete originates from child slaves]","author":"E Kolfin","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Zwarte Piet and cultural aphasia in the Netherlands","volume":"3","author":"JIA Helsloot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quotidian"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Wouters L. &quot;Zwarte Piet contested&quot;. Tolerance and the (re)production of the Zwarte Piet tradition in the Netherlands, M.Sc. Thesis, Universiteit Utrecht. 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dspace.library.uu.nl\/handle\/1874\/297552\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/dspace.library.uu.nl\/handle\/1874\/297552<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Berends, B. Zwarte Piet en Witte Klaas. Onderzoek naar beeldvorming in de sinterklaastraditie. [Black Pete and White Klaas. A study into representations in the Sinterklaas tradition]. M.Sc. Thesis, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam. 2000. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.woordstroom.nl\/Lezers\/EenDoc.aspx?DocumentID=1368\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.woordstroom.nl\/Lezers\/EenDoc.aspx?DocumentID=1368<\/ext-link>. Dutch."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Williams R, filmmaker. Is this Dutch holiday character racist? [Documentary]; 2015. CNN. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/videos\/tv\/2015\/11\/25\/digital-shorts-blackface-dutch-holiday-roger-ross-williams-orig.cnn\/video\/playlists\/digital-short-films-t1-for-specials-page\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/videos\/tv\/2015\/11\/25\/digital-shorts-blackface-dutch-holiday-roger-ross-williams-orig.cnn\/video\/playlists\/digital-short-films-t1-for-specials-page\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"EenVandaag Opiniepanel. Onderzoek Zwarte Piet. 2014. [Black Pete survey by a nationally broadcast television news program]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.eenvandaag.nl\/uploads\/doc\/EindRapport%20Zwarte%20Piet.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.eenvandaag.nl\/uploads\/doc\/EindRapport%20Zwarte%20Piet.pdf<\/ext-link> Dutch."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Concluding observations on the nineteenth to twenty-first periodic reports of the Netherlands. 2015. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/tbinternet.ohchr.org\/Treaties\/CERD\/Shared%20Documents\/NLD\/CERD_C_NLD_CO_19-21_21519_E.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/tbinternet.ohchr.org\/Treaties\/CERD\/Shared%20Documents\/NLD\/CERD_C_NLD_CO_19-21_21519_E.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Bevolking; kerncijfers. 2015. [Statistics Dutch population]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/statline.cbs.nl\/Statweb\/publication\/?DM=SLNL&PA=37296ned&D1=25-51&D2=0,10,20,30,40,50,%28l-1%29-l&VW=T\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/statline.cbs.nl\/Statweb\/publication\/?DM=SLNL&amp;PA=37296ned&amp;D1=25-51&amp;D2=0,10,20,30,40,50,%28l-1%29-l&amp;VW=T<\/ext-link> Dutch."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau, Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Armoedesignalement. 2014. [National statistics poverty]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cbs.nl\/NR\/rdonlyres\/83CC1C97-DC64-4FEC-8535-C651EC5A62DD\/0\/armoedesignalement2014pub.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cbs.nl\/NR\/rdonlyres\/83CC1C97-DC64-4FEC-8535-C651EC5A62DD\/0\/armoedesignalement2014pub.pdf<\/ext-link> Dutch."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2008.00561.x","article-title":"More than two decades of changing ethnic attitudes in the Netherlands","volume":"64","author":"M Coenders","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Immigrants about The Netherlands in 2001","author":"M Hoogsteder","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870120109502","article-title":"Racist victimization among children in The Netherlands: The effect of ethnic group and school","volume":"25","author":"M Verkuyten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ethn Racial Stud"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/0730888412444783","article-title":"Ethnic discrimination in the Dutch labor market: Its relationship with job characteristics and multiple group membership","volume":"39","author":"I Andriessen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work Occup"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1348\/2044-835X.002013","article-title":"Young children\u2019s racial awareness and affect and their perceptions of mothers\u2019 affect in a multiracial context","volume":"29","author":"VL Lam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dev Psychol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00900.x","article-title":"Categorization, categorical perception, and asymmetry in infants\u2019 representation of face race","volume":"13","author":"G Anzures","year":"2010","journal-title":"Developmental Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1163\/15685373-12342155","article-title":"White Bias in 3\u20137-Year-Old Children across Cultures","volume":"9","author":"B Gibson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cogn. Cult"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033282","article-title":"Color-blind racial ideology; Theory, training, and measurement implications in psychology","volume":"68","author":"HA Neville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Psychol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1163\/15685373-12342155","article-title":"White Bias in 3\u20137-Year-Old Children across Cultures","volume":"9","author":"B Gibson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cogn. Cult"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12269","article-title":"Young children\u2019s automatic encoding of social categories","volume":"18","author":"K Weisman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x","article-title":"Developmental intergroup theory; Explaining and reducing children\u2019s social stereotyping and prejudice","volume":"16","author":"RS Bigler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp2803_3","article-title":"Thinking well of African Americans: Measuring complimentary stereotypes and negative prejudice","volume":"28","author":"AM Czopp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Basic Appl Soc Psych"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.3.498","article-title":"Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for speciWc and diVuse forms of system justiWcation","volume":"88","author":"JT Jost","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Children\u2019s racial categorization in context","author":"K Pauker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspectives"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00856.x","article-title":"Social norms and self-presentation: Children\u2019s implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes","volume":"76","author":"A Rutland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.32.3.448","article-title":"The relationship between racial attitudes and social-cognitive development in children: An Australian study","volume":"32","author":"D Black-Gutman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.784","article-title":"Standing up for a change: Reducing bias through interpersonal confrontation","volume":"90","author":"AM Czopp","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031115","article-title":"Perceptions of racial confrontation: The role of color blindness and comment ambiguity","volume":"19","author":"LX Zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cult. Divers. Ethn. Min"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0157511","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T11:53:31Z","timestamp":1589025211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0157511"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tapio","family":"Mappes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0157511","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]]}}}