{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:03:33Z","timestamp":1785438213259,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]],"date-time":"2016-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]],"date-time":"2016-07-08T14:36:38Z","timestamp":1467988598000},"page":"e0158986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Screening HIV-Infected Patients with Low CD4 Counts for Cryptococcal Antigenemia prior to Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy: Cost Effectiveness of Alternative Screening Strategies in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9322-2387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Larson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Rockers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Bonawitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Sriruttan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah K.","family":"Glencross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naseem","family":"Cassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindi M.","family":"Coetzee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom M.","family":"Chiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snigdha","family":"Vallabhaneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"van Rensburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelesh P.","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1086\/605500","article-title":"Cause-specific mortality and the contribution of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the first 3 years after antiretroviral therapy initiation in an urban African cohort","volume":"49","author":"B Castelnuovo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1086\/597262","article-title":"Screening for cryptococcal antigenemia in patients accessing an antiretroviral treatment program in South Africa","volume":"48","author":"JN Jarvis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01874.x","article-title":"Asymptomatic serum cryptococcal antigenemia and early mortality during antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda","volume":"12","author":"CA Liechty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00446-12","article-title":"Comparison of Four Assays for the Detection of Cryptococcal Antigen","volume":"19","author":"MJ Binnicker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical and Vaccine Immunology: CVI"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205030-00009","article-title":"Cryptococcal infection in a cohort of HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults","volume":"16","author":"N French","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S331","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000484","article-title":"Cryptococcal antigen screening and early antifungal treatment to prevent cryptococcal meningitis: a review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"JE Kaplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0045-z","article-title":"Preventing Cryptococcosis\u2014Shifting the Paradigm in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"2","author":"D Meya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000872","article-title":"Six-month outcomes of HIV-infected patients given short-course fluconazole therapy for asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia","volume":"29","author":"SW Kapoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62213","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062213","article-title":"Prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia and cost-effectiveness of a cryptococcal antigen screening program\u2014Vietnam","volume":"8","author":"RM Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13856","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013856","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of primary prophylaxis of AIDS associated cryptococcosis in Cambodia","volume":"5","author":"R Micol","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1086\/655143","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of serum cryptococcal antigen screening to prevent deaths among HIV-infected persons with a CD4+ cell count < or = 100 cells\/microL who start HIV therapy in resource-limited settings","volume":"51","author":"DB Meya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069288","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of cryptococcal antigen screening as a strategy to prevent HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in South Africa","volume":"8","author":"JN Jarvis","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"National Consolidated Guidelines for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and the Management of HIV in Children, Adolescents, and Adults","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001056","article-title":"Retention in HIV Care between Testing and Treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"S Rosen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/941493","article-title":"Same-Day CD4 Testing to Improve Uptake of HIV Care and Treatment in South Africa: Point-of-Care Is Not Enough","volume":"2013","author":"BA Larson","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Research and Treatment"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.03055.x","article-title":"Defining retention and attrition in pre-antiretroviral HIV care: proposals based on experience in Africa","volume":"17","author":"MP Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"s1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02511.x","article-title":"Early loss to follow up after enrolment in pre-ART care at a large public clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"15","author":"BA Larson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.068981","article-title":"Lost opportunities to complete CD4+ lymphocyte testing among patients who tested positive for HIV in South Africa","volume":"88","author":"BA Larson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"January\u201430 September. National Health Laboratory Service","year":"2015"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001316","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis treatment strategies in resource-limited settings: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"9","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12245","article-title":"Evaluation of screening and treatment of cryptococcal antigenaemia among HIV-infected persons in Soweto, South Africa","volume":"16","author":"NP Govender","year":"2015","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Phased implementation of screening for cryptococcal disease in South Africa","author":"NP Govender","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phased implementation of screening for cryptococcal disease in South Africa"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114727","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114727","article-title":"An integrated tiered service delivery model (ITSDM) based on local CD4 testing demands can improve turn-around times and save costs whilst ensuring accessible and scalable CD4 services across a national programme","volume":"9","author":"DK Glencross","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7547-11-18","article-title":"Calculating disability-adjusted-life-years lost (DALYs) in discrete-time","volume":"11","author":"B Larson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"2016","article-title":"February","author":"S Vallabhaneni","year":"1839"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283570567","article-title":"A comparison of cases of paediatric-onset and adult-onset cryptococcosis detected through population-based surveillance, 2005\u20132007","volume":"26","author":"ST Meiring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.9070","article-title":"Management of HIV-associated cryptococcal disease in South Africa","volume":"104","author":"NP Govender","year":"2014","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"National Institute of Communicable Diseases","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors","author":"CD Mathers","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref30","first-page":"339","article-title":"Cryptococcal antigen screening in HIV-infected adults: let's get straight to the point","volume":"30","author":"RM Wake","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0158986","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T00:48:41Z","timestamp":1540255721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0158986"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sarah L","family":"Pett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0158986","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]]}}}